Legume Consumption Patterns in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 and Beans, Lentils, Peas (BLP) 2017 Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Data Collection
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | NHANES (2011–2014) | BLP (2017) 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any Legume Consumers (within 2 Days) | Any Legume Consumers (within Last Month) | |||||
Yes | No | p-Value | Yes | No | p-Value | |
n = 3215 | n = 8640 | n = 89 | n = 52 | |||
Age (year) | ||||||
18–25 | 10.4 | 16.5 | <0.0001 | 1.1 | 7.5 | 0.26 |
26–35 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 15.7 | 18.9 | ||
36–45 | 17.0 | 18.2 | 56.2 | 43.4 | ||
46–55 | 20.3 | 17.3 | 21.3 | 26.4 | ||
56–65 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 3.4 | 3.8 | ||
66–75 | 11.7 | 8.6 | 2.2 | 0 | ||
76+ | 6.9 | 6.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
Gender | ||||||
Female | 51.7 | 51.0 | 0.62 | 84.6 | 86.5 | 0.76 |
Male | 48.2 | 49.0 | 15.4 | 13.5 | ||
Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | ||||||
NH Asian | 5.2 | 5.6 | <0.0001 | |||
NH Black | 10.8 | 11.8 | ||||
NH White | 61.5 | 68.0 | ||||
Mexican | 11.6 | 7.6 | ||||
Other Hispanic | 8.0 | 5.4 | ||||
Other | 3.0 | 2.6 | ||||
Education | ||||||
<High school | 18.2 | 16.2 | <0.0001 | |||
High school | 18.0 | 22.7 | ||||
>High school | 63.7 | 61.1 | ||||
Income to poverty ratio | ||||||
<1 | 16.4 | 18.0 | 0.18 | |||
>1 | 83.6 | 82.0 | ||||
Dietary Energy (kcal/day) | 2092 (15) | 2051 (10) | 0.02 |
Survey (Year) | Any Legume 2 | Mature Legume | Dry Beans | Green Legume | Chickpeas | Lentils |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NHANES (2011–2012; n = 5807) | ||||||
Day 1 | 18.5 | 12.8 | 10.0 | 6.3 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
Day 2 | 16.5 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Each day 3 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.09 | 0.3 |
Over 2 days 4 | 29.3 | 20.0 | 16.9 | 11.8 | 2.3 | 1.7 |
NHANES (2013–2014; n = 6048) | ||||||
Day 1 | 15.4 | 9.7 | 7.4 | 6.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Day 2 | 13.7 | 8.3 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
Each day | 4.0 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Over 2 days | 25.0 | 15.4 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 1.9 | 1.2 |
BLP (2017; n = 143) | ||||||
Each day | 4.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
Over 2 days | 23.1 | 18.9 | 18.2 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 2.1 |
Weekly | 57.3 | 50.3 | 46.9 | 39.2 | 29.4 | 12.6 |
Last month | 63.6 | 62.2 | 56.6 | 53.8 | 51.0 | 41.3 |
Survey (Year) | Side Dish 2 | Main Dish | Soups | Dips | Salads |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NHANES (2011–2012; n = 5807) | |||||
Day 1 | 12.8 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
Day 2 | 12.5 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Each day 3 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0 |
Over 2 days 4 | 24.9 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 |
NHANES (2013–2014; n = 6048) | |||||
Day 1 | 12.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
Day 2 | 11.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
Each day | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.2 | 0 |
Over 2 days | 20.8 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.6 |
BLP (2017; n = 143) | |||||
Each day | 2.1 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.7 |
Over 2 days | 6.3 | 14.7 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
Last month | 47.6 | 80.4 | 67.8 | 34.3 | 25.9 |
Survey (Year) | Any Legume 2 | Mature Legume | Dry Beans | Green Legumes | Chickpeas | Lentils |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NHANES (2011–2012; n = 5807; 2-day average) | ||||||
25% Percentile | 32.4 | 31.7 | 31.6 | 25.5 | 15.4 | 54.0 |
Median | 59.3 | 63.3 | 59.8 | 40.0 | 31.7 | 93.0 |
75% Percentile | 98.0 | 111.1 | 99.5 | 67.5 | 61.5 | 156.6 |
NHANES (2013–2014; n = 6048; 2-day average) | ||||||
25% Percentile | 31.8 | 32.7 | 33.2 | 28.5 | 21.1 | 80.3 |
Median | 55.5 | 63.3 | 59.1 | 41.2 | 30.8 | 129.2 |
75% Percentile | 91.4 | 111.0 | 94.9 | 67.5 | 61.5 | 186.7 |
BLP (2017; n = 143; during the last month) | ||||||
25% Percentile | 40.9 | 23.2 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 3.9 | 3.1 |
Median | 74.9 | 56.8 | 26.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 7.2 |
75% Percentile | 117.3 | 87.7 | 52.9 | 43.8 | 14.5 | 16.5 |
Adjusted to 2000 kcal | ||||||
NHANES (2011–2012; n = 5807; 2-day average) | ||||||
25% Percentile | 31.0 | 32.3 | 31.3 | 25.3 | 14.3 | 63.5 |
Median | 59.3 | 61.6 | 57.5 | 41.3 | 31.7 | 98.2 |
75% Percentile | 105.9 | 112.0 | 101.6 | 74.4 | 64.0 | 163.2 |
NHANES (2013–2014; n= 6048; 2-day average) | ||||||
25% Percentile | 31.3 | 31.9 | 32.0 | 26.5 | 16.8 | 81.9 |
Median | 57.2 | 59.8 | 57.8 | 47.3 | 33.0 | 139.8 |
75% Percentile | 101.1 | 110.0 | 98.0 | 76.1 | 56.8 | 210.1 |
Characteristics | Cooked Mature Legume Consumption Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Marginal | Recommended | Beneficial | p-Value | |
0.1–37.5 g/day | 37.5–87.5 g/day | ≥ 87.5 g/day | ||
n = 637 | n = 601 | n = 861 | ||
Age (year) | ||||
18–25 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 8.9 | 0.0005 |
26–35 | 19.8 | 14.3 | 13.6 | |
36–45 | 18.3 | 16.3 | 18.2 | |
46–55 | 19.0 | 20.3 | 18.1 | |
56–65 | 16.1 | 18.1 | 18.9 | |
66–75 | 9.7 | 12.2 | 14.6 | |
76+ | 4.1 | 6.0 | 7.6 | |
Gender | ||||
Female | 52.4 | 49.3 | 49.3 | 0.41 |
Male | 47.6 | 50.8 | 50.8 | |
Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | ||||
NH Asian | 9.9 | 9.6 | 16.4 | <0.0001 |
NH Black | 17.3 | 16.1 | 16.8 | |
NH White | 33.8 | 31.0 | 24.3 | |
Mexican | 21.5 | 20.9 | 24.6 | |
Other Hispanic | 15.7 | 19.4 | 15.1 | |
Other | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.8 | |
Education | ||||
<High school | 25.4 | 26.4 | 33.3 | 0.008 |
High school | 19.7 | 18.3 | 16.7 | |
>High school | 54.9 | 55.3 | 50.1 | |
Income to poverty ratio | ||||
<1 | 21.5 | 26.3 | 26.5 | 0.07 |
>1 | 78.6 | 73.8 | 73.5 | |
Dietary Energy (kcal/day) | 2371 (33) | 2129 (34) | 1973 (29) | <0.0001 |
Characteristic | Cooked Mature Legume Consumption Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Marginal | Recommended | Beneficial | p-Value | |
0.1–37.5 g/day | 37.5–87.5 g/day | ≥87.5 g/day | ||
n = 32 | n = 32 | n = 23 | ||
Important dietary legume source 1 | ||||
Dry Beans | 50.0 | 93.8 | 95.7 | <0.0001 |
Green Legumes | 37.5 | 62.5 | 60.9 | 0.10 |
Chickpeas | 9.4 | 59.4 | 69.6 | <0.0001 |
Lentils | 3.1 | 25.0 | 65.2 | <0.0001 |
Sprouted Legumes | 3.1 | 21.9 | 21.7 | 0.06 |
Dry Peas | 0 | 3.1 | 17.4 | 0.02 |
Cowpeas | 0 | 9.4 | 0 | 0.10 |
Horse Beans | 0 | 3.1 | 0 | 1 |
Preferred dish type for legume source 2 | ||||
Dry Beans—Main/Soup | 90.0 | 87.1 | 90.9 | 1 |
Green Legumes—Side | 64.3 | 67.9 | 52.4 | 0.58 |
Chickpeas—Dip | 60.0 | 58.1 | 65.0 | 0.91 |
Lentils—Soup | 70.6 | 52.2 | 60.0 | 0.54 |
Sprouted Legumes—Salad | 42.9 | 61.5 | 60.0 | 0.80 |
Dry Peas—Soup | 60.0 | 100 | 60.0 | 0.02 |
Cowpeas—Soup | 25.0 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 0.72 |
Horse Beans—Side | 50.0 | 50.0 | 0 | 1 |
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Perera, T.; Russo, C.; Takata, Y.; Bobe, G. Legume Consumption Patterns in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 and Beans, Lentils, Peas (BLP) 2017 Survey. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051237
Perera T, Russo C, Takata Y, Bobe G. Legume Consumption Patterns in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 and Beans, Lentils, Peas (BLP) 2017 Survey. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051237
Chicago/Turabian StylePerera, Thushanthi, Candace Russo, Yumie Takata, and Gerd Bobe. 2020. "Legume Consumption Patterns in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 and Beans, Lentils, Peas (BLP) 2017 Survey" Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051237
APA StylePerera, T., Russo, C., Takata, Y., & Bobe, G. (2020). Legume Consumption Patterns in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 and Beans, Lentils, Peas (BLP) 2017 Survey. Nutrients, 12(5), 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051237