The Role of Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in Ocular Surface Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Ocular Surface System
1.2. Dry Eye Disease
1.3. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
1.4. Treatment Strategies
2. Essential Fatty Acids
3. Vitamin A
4. Vitamin B12
5. Vitamin C
6. Vitamin D
7. Selenium and Lactoferrin
8. Curcumin
9. Flavonoids
10. Discussion
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Year) | Etiology of Dry Eye | No. of Patients | Omega-3 FAs Daily Dose | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asbell et al. (2018) | Not specified | 535 | EPA 2000 mg + DHA 1000 mg | No differences in OSDI corneal and conjunctival staining, TBUT, and Schirmer test compared to placebo |
Bhargava et al. (2013) | Not specified | 518 | EPA 650 mg + DHA 350 mg | Significant improvement in symptom score, Schirmer test and TBUT compared to placebo |
Bhargava et al. (2015) | Visual display terminal users | 456 | EPA 360 mg + DHA 240 mg | Significant improvement in symptom score, Schirmer test and TBUT, Nelson grade and goblet cell density compared to placebo |
Bhargava et al (2015b) | Contact lens | 496 | EPA 720 mg + DHA 480 mg | Significant improvement in symptom score, lens wear comfort level, TBUT and Nelson grade compared to placebo |
Bhargava et al. (2016) | Visual display terminal users | 522 | EPA 1440 mg + DHA 960 mg | Significant improvement in symptom score, TBUT and Nelson grade compared to placebo |
Bhargava et al. (2016b) | Rosacea | 130 | EPA 720 mg + DHA 480 mg | Significant improvement in symptom score, TBUT and Schirmer test and Meibomian gland score compared to placebo |
Brignole-Baudouin et al. (2011) | Sjögren and non-Sjögren | 121 | EPA 427.5 mg + DHA 285 mg + borage oil 15 mg | Significant reduction in the percentage of HLA-DR-positive conjunctival cells. No difference in signs and symptoms |
Deiniema et al. (2017) | Not specified | 54 | Krill oil (EPA 945 mg + DHA 510 mg) and Fish oil (EPA 1000 mg + DHA 500 mg) | Significant improvement in OSDI, tear osmolarity, TBUT, bulbar redness and IL-17 levels compared to placebo |
Epitropoulos et al. (2016) | MGD | 105 | EPA 1680 mg + DHA 560 mg | Significant improvement in OSDI, tear osmolarity, TBUT, and MMP-9 positivity compared to placebo. |
Kangari et al. (2013) | Not specified | 64 | EPA 360 mg + DHA 240 mg | Significant improvement in OSDI, TBUT, and Schirmer test compared to placebo |
Kawakita et al. (2013) | Not specified | 26 | EPA 1245 mg + DHA 540 mg | Significant improvement of eye pain, TBUT and rose bengal staining compared to placebo |
Larmo et al. (2010) | Not specified | 100 | Sea buckthorn oil (2 g): long chain omega-3 FAs 149 mg + omega-6 FAs 245 mg | Significant improvement of bulbar redness and tear osmolarity compared to placebo |
Macsai et al. (2008) | MGD | 38 | Flaxseed oil 6000 mg | No significant difference in OSDI, meibum score, TBUT compared to placebo |
Malhotra et al. (2015) | MGD | 60 | EPA 720 mg + DHA 480 mg | Significant improvement of OSDI, tear break-up time, ocular surface staining, meibum quality and expressibility and contrast sensitivity compared to placebo |
Oleñik et al. (2013) | MGD | 64 | EPA 127.5 mg + DHA 1050 mg | Significant improvement in OSDI, TBUT, lid margin inflammation and meibum expressibility compared to placebo |
Sheppard et al. (2013) | Not specified | 38 | ALA 196 mg + EPA 128 mg + DHA 99 mg + DPA 39 mg + LA 710 mg + GLA 240 mg | Significant improvement in OSDI, surface asymmetry index and HLA-DR expression compared to placebo |
Wojtowicz et al. (2011) | Not specified | 36 | EPA 450 mg + DHA 300 mg + flaxseed oil 100 mg | No significant difference in Schirmer testing, fluorophotometry and composition of meibomian gland secretion sample compared to control group |
Chi et al. (2019) * | Nonspecific dry eye disease | 1782 | Different doses | Significant improvement in OSDI, TBUT, Schirmer test and tear osmolarity compared to placebo |
Giannaccare et al. (2019) * | Different etiologies | 3363 | Different doses | Significant improvement in dry eye symptoms, TBUT, Schirmer test and corneal staining |
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Pellegrini, M.; Senni, C.; Bernabei, F.; Cicero, A.F.G.; Vagge, A.; Maestri, A.; Scorcia, V.; Giannaccare, G. The Role of Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in Ocular Surface Diseases. Nutrients 2020, 12, 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040952
Pellegrini M, Senni C, Bernabei F, Cicero AFG, Vagge A, Maestri A, Scorcia V, Giannaccare G. The Role of Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in Ocular Surface Diseases. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040952
Chicago/Turabian StylePellegrini, Marco, Carlotta Senni, Federico Bernabei, Arrigo F. G. Cicero, Aldo Vagge, Antonio Maestri, Vincenzo Scorcia, and Giuseppe Giannaccare. 2020. "The Role of Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in Ocular Surface Diseases" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040952