Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Body Composition
2.3.2. VO2Peak Assessment
2.3.3. Blood Collection and Analysis
2.3.4. Biochemical Analysis
2.3.5. Muscular Force and Fatigue Assessments
2.3.6. Assessment of Mood State and Soreness
2.3.7. Supplementation
2.3.8. Exercise Bouts
2.3.9. Safety Measures: Temperature Monitoring and Rehydration
2.3.10. Dietary Control
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Stress
3.2. Cytokine and Chemokine Expression
3.3. Complete Blood Counts
3.4. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
3.5. Muscle Damage
3.6. Muscle Function
3.7. Profile of Mood States
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Gender | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | Men (n = 16) | 29.6 ± 6.7 |
Women (n = 15) | 30.1 ± 8.9 | |
Total (n = 31) | 29.9 ± 7.7 | |
Height (cm) | Men | 178.1 ± 7.2 |
Women | 165.6 ± 4.1 | |
Total | 172.1 ± 8.6 | |
Body weight (kg) | Men | 83.2 ± 11.2 |
Women | 66.7 ± 10.0 | |
Total | 75.2 ± 13.4 | |
DEXA Body fat (%) | Men | 21.2 ± 4.4 |
Women | 29.6 ± 5.3 | |
Total | 25.3 ± 6.4 | |
DEXA Fat mass (kg) | Men | 18.0 ± 5.1 |
Women | 20.4 ± 6.2 | |
Total | 19.1 ± 5.7 | |
DEXA FFM (kg) | Men | 66.2 ± 8.4 |
Women | 47.3 ± 5.0 | |
Total | 57.1 ± 11.8 | |
VO2Peak (mL/kg/min) | Men | 49.6 ± 5.1 |
Women | 38.7 ± 5.8 | |
Total | 44.3 ± 7.7 |
0 min | 10 min | 15 min | 20 min | 30 min | 40 min | 45 min | 50 min | Final* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart Rate (beats/min) | |||||||||
PLA | 93 ± 13 | --- | 143 ±16 | --- | 153 ± 18 | --- | 161 ± 17 | --- | 167 ± 15 |
YBG | 92 ± 16 | --- | 143 ± 15 | --- | 154 ± 19 | --- | 160 ± 18 | --- | 167 ± 19 |
Exercise VO2 (mL/kg/min) | |||||||||
PLA | 4.7 ± 1.5 | --- | 23.4 ± 4.5 | --- | 24.2 ± 4.5 | --- | 23.5 ± 6.3 | --- | 22.3 ± 6.6 |
YBG | 4.9 ± 1.2 | --- | 22.9 ± 6.0 | --- | 24.5 ± 4.8 | --- | 24.3 ± 4.6 | --- | 25.2 ± 6.3 |
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | |||||||||
PLA | 7 ± 1 | 10 ± 2 | --- | 11 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 15 ± 5 | --- | 15 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 |
YBG | 6 ± 1 | 9 ± 2 | --- | 11 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | --- | 15 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 |
Core Temperature (°C) | |||||||||
PLA | 36.5 ± 3.7 | 36.7 ± 3.7 | --- | 36.9 ± 3.8 | 37.3 ± 3.8 | 37.5 ± 4.1 | --- | 37.6 ± 4.3 | 37.9 ± 3.9 |
YBG | 37.2 ± 0.3 | 37.4 ± 0.4 | --- | 37.7 ± 0.4 | 38.1 ± 0.4 | 38.2 ± 0.5 | --- | 38.5 ± 0.5 | 38.7 ± 0.6 |
Variable | Group | Pre-Exercise | 0 h Post-Exercise | 2 h Post-Exercise | 72 h Post-Exercise | Within (p) | Time (p) | G × T (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interferon-γ (pg/mL) | PLA | 1.36 ± 1.45 | 1.91 ± 3.15 +40.4% | 1.31 ± 1.27 −3.7% | 1.46 ± 1.44 +7.4% | 0.177 | 0.021 | 0.451 |
YBG | 1.60 ± 1.90 | 2.11 ± 2.94 +36.5% | 1.68 ± 1.63 +5.0% | 1.31 ± 1.35 −18.1% | 0.017 | |||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | PLA | 0.95 ± 1.73 | 1.53 ± 1.97 a +61.0% | 1.06 ± 1.76 a,b +11.6% | 0.66 ± 0.62 b −30.5% | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.697 |
YBG | 0.81 ± 0.75 | 1.46 ± 1.07 a +80.2% | 0.99 ± 0.77 b +22.2% | 0.61 ± 0.51 b,c −24.7% | <0.001 | |||
IL-8 (pg/mL) | PLA | 1.74 ± 1.43 | 2.30 ± 1.95 +32.2% | 2.06 ± 1.75 +18.4% | 1.84 ± 1.15 +5.8% | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.079 |
YBG | 2.06 ± 1.66 | 2.37 ± 1.83 +15.0% | 2.00 ± 1.36 −2.6% | 1.68 ± 1.28 −18.4% | 0.001 | |||
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | PLA | 8.52 ± 5.15 | 12.18 ± 7.60 +43.0% | 9.43 ± 5.56 +10.7% | 9.41 ± 5.42 +10.5% | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.095 |
YBG | 9.17 ± 4.92 | 12.22 ± 7.80 +33.0% | 9.75 ± 5.49 +6.3% | 8.55 ± 4.81 −6.8% | 0.001 | |||
MIP-1β (pg/mL) | PLA | 1.68 ± 1.24 | 1.92 ± 1.60 +14.1% | 2.11 ± 1.56 +25.7% | 1.98 ± 1.37 +17.6% | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.044 |
YBG | 2.13 ± 1.59 | 2.21 ± 2.03 +3.7% | 2.41 ± 1.94 +12.9% | 1.94 ± 1.68 −9.1% | 0.039 | |||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | PLA | 5.94 ± 4.31 | 6.38 ± 5.23 +7.4% | 5.93 ± 3.87 −0.2% | 6.35 ± 4.00 +6.9% | 0.245 | 0.168 | 0.085 |
YBG | 6.56 ± 4.61 | 7.00 ± 5.43 +6.8% | 6.16 ± 4.12 −6.1% | 6.13 ± 4.25 −6.5% | 0.043 |
Variable | Group | Pre-Exercise | 0 h Post-Exercise | 2 h Post-Exercise | 72 h Post-Exercise | Within (p) | Time (p) | G × T (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived Soreness (mm) | PLA | 12.9 ± 11.9 | 20.4 ± 17.8 a,b | 18.9 ± 16.2 a,b | 8.8 ± 6.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
YBG | 14.4 ± 16.0 | 19.7 ± 20.9 b | 19.3 ± 18.5 b | 9.8 ± 7.1 | 0.004 | |||
Creatine Kinase (U/L) | PLA | 108.3 ± 55.4 | 125.3 ± 64.5 a | 125.9 ± 64.5 a | 87.9 ± 44.6 b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
YBG | 106.8 ± 64.3 | 123.1 ± 74.9 a | 125.8 ± 69.8 a | 87.2 ± 42.4 b,c | <0.001 | |||
Myoglobin (mg/dL) | PLA | 28.1 ± 32.4 | 36.1 ± 34.9 | 35.7 ± 37.1 a | 31.5 ± 39.4 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.62 |
YBG | 26.8 ± 30.7 | 33.4 ± 34.6 a | 31.0 ± 24.1 | 25.6 ± 26.4 b,c | 0.001 |
Variable | Group | Pre-Exercise | 0 h Post-Exercise | 2 h Post-Exercise | 72 h Post-Exercise | Within (p) | Time (p) | G × T (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isometric Peak Torque (N·m) | PLA | 171.5 ± 48.9 | 158.1 ± 47.7 a | 159.0 ± 52.0 a | 167.9 ± 50.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.79 |
YBG | 165.9 ± 56.8 | 151.2 ± 46.0 | 152.8 ± 46.3 b | 165.0 ± 49.5 b, c | 0.003 | |||
Isometric Average Peak Torque (N·m) | PLA | 164.7 ± 47.8 | 148.1 ± 43.6 a | 150.8 ± 48.8 a | 160.1 ± 49.5 b, c | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.92 |
YBG | 160.6 ± 46.6 | 142.9 ± 45.6 a | 146.7 ± 45.6 a | 157.1 ± 47.7 b, c | <0.001 | |||
Isokinetic Peak Torque (N·m) | PLA | 136.9 ± 44.6 | 126.2 ± 40.7 a | 126.7 ± 43.0 a | 129.1 ± 44.5 a | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.35 |
YBG | 132.5 ± 48.3 | 128.7 ± 44.8 | 125.5 ± 44.3 a | 123.6 ± 50.5 | 0.19 | |||
Isokinetic Average Peak Torque (N·m) | PLA | 87.4 ± 29.6 | 84.5 ± 29.9 | 86.3 ± 31.9 | 86.5 ± 30.9 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.94 |
YBG | 86.5 ± 31.1 | 84.5 ± 31.5 | 85.3 ± 32.1 | 85.9 ± 31.5 | 0.20 | |||
Fatigue Index (%) | PLA | 48.9 ± 10.9 | 45.7 ± 11.2 | 45.5 ± 13.1 | 46.9 ± 15.0 | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.45 |
YBG | 48.5 ± 12.7 | 46.5 ± 14.2 | 44.2 ± 14.5 | 47.2 ± 11.5 | 0.07 | |||
Total Work Completed (J) | PLA | 5176 ± 1371 | 4749 ± 1363 a | 5009 ± 1491 | 5172 ± 1689 b | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.69 |
YBG | 5257 ± 1665 | 4912 ± 1496 a | 5039 ± 1566 | 5176 ± 1607 b | <0.001 |
Variable | Group | Pre-Exercise | 0 h Post-Exercise | 2 h Post-Exercise | 72 h Post-Exercise | Within Group | Time (p) | G × T (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tension | PLA | 14.2 ± 4.2 | 13.8 ± 3.1 | 12.9 ± 3.3 b | 13.3 ± 4.0 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.24 |
YBG | 15.4 ± 4.9 | 15.4 ± 5.1 | 14.2 ± 4.8 a,b | 13.6 ± 4.4 a,b | <0.001 | |||
Depression | PLA | 18.4 ± 7.0 | 17.9 ± 6.3 | 17.3 ± 5.4 a,b | 17.7 ± 5.8 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
YBG | 18.4 ± 5.1 | 18.5 ± 5.6 | 18.1 ± 5.7b | 17.6 ± 4.6 | 0.15 | |||
Anger | PLA | 14.8 ± 3.6 | 13.6 ± 2.6 a | 13.7 ± 3.1 | 13.5 ± 3.0 a | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.04 |
YBG | 16.0 ± 4.2 | 15.5 ± 4.4 | 14.4 ± 3.8 a | 14.2 ± 3.1 a | <0.001 | |||
Vigor | PLA | 25.6 ± 7.5 | 24.8 ± 7.0 | 24.8 ± 7.1 | 23.1 ± 7.9 a | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
YBG | 24.7 ± 5.8 | 23.9 ± 6.6 | 24.5 ± 6.8 | 24.6 ± 6.1 | 0.65 | |||
Fatigue | PLA | 12.4 ± 5.3 | 14.4 ± 5.9 | 12.7 ± 4.7 | 12.1 ± 5.0 b | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.12 |
YBG | 13.1 ± 5.1 | 15.3 ± 5.1 | 13.1 ± 4.0 b | 11.2 ± 3.4 b | <0.001 | |||
Confusion | PLA | 11.4 ± 3.4 | 10.7 ± 3.2 | 10.5 ± 2.7 a | 10.5 ± 2.8 | 0.07 | 0.004 | 0.30 |
YBG | 11.4 ± 2.8 | 11.4 ± 3.1 | 10.6 ± 2.6 | 10.4 ± 2.7 a,b | 0.001 | |||
Total Mood Disturbance | PLA | 45.6 ± 23.3 | 45.6 ± 20.1 | 42.2 ± 19.2 | 44.0 ± 20.9 a,b | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
YBG | 49.5 ± 21.5 | 52.2 ± 21.5 | 45.9 ± 21.3 b | 42.4 ± 18.6 | 0.015 |
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Zabriskie, H.A.; Blumkaitis, J.C.; Moon, J.M.; Currier, B.S.; Stefan, R.; Ratliff, K.; Harty, P.S.; Stecker, R.A.; Rudnicka, K.; Jäger, R.; et al. Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041144
Zabriskie HA, Blumkaitis JC, Moon JM, Currier BS, Stefan R, Ratliff K, Harty PS, Stecker RA, Rudnicka K, Jäger R, et al. Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041144
Chicago/Turabian StyleZabriskie, Hannah A., Julia C. Blumkaitis, Jessica M. Moon, Brad S. Currier, Riley Stefan, Kayla Ratliff, Patrick S. Harty, Richard A. Stecker, Karolina Rudnicka, Ralf Jäger, and et al. 2020. "Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041144