Ubiquinol Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Primary and Secondary Endpoints
2.4. Laboratory Measurements
2.5. Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation
2.6. Determination of Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Levels
2.7. Determination of Serum Nitric Oxide Metabolites
2.8. LDL Oxidation Assay
2.9. Sample Size and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Flow-Mediated Dilation
3.3. Plasma Total and Oxidized Coenzyme Q10
3.4. Evaluation of Serum Nitric Oxide Metabolites
3.5. Evaluation of Plasma Oxidized LDL and LDL Susceptibility to Oxidation In Vitro
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Ubiquinol, 200 mg/day (n = 17) | Ubiquinol, 100 mg/day (n = 15) | Placebo (n = 16) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.2 (5.1) | 59.3 (6.4) | 59.6 (3.8) |
Gender (males) | 7 | 5 | 9 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.8 (3.2) | 24.6 (3.6) | 24.1 (3.4) |
Heart rate (bpm) | 64 (8) | 69 (7) | 67 (10) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 (15) | 129 (13) | 125 (12) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 (7) | 82 (9) | 83 (10) |
Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 14.0 (1.0) | 14.6 (1.1) | 14.6 (1.0) |
WBC (cells/mm3) | 5.97 (0.98) | 7.08 (0.98) | 6.67 (1.55) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 214.5 (33.3) | 218.1 (29.4) | 229.8 (31.9) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 145.3 (25.7) | 147.0 (26.3) | 157.7 (29.4) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59.3 (15.9) | 61.1 (14.8) | 62.6 (17.3) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 105.2 (59.1) | 109.7 (50.0) | 99.4 (70.4) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.2 (9.2) | 98.3 (9.3) | 96.7 (11.0) |
HOMA index | 1.36 (0.65) | 1.12 (0.49) | 1.33 (0.57) |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 (0.15) | 0.89 (0.23) | 0.86 (0.16) |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 21.0 (9.9) | 18.3 (9.9) | 18.6 (6.4) |
Creatine kinase (U/L) | 108.3 (32.3) | 112.0 (45.1) | 365.5 (1009.5) |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.26 (0.27) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.27) |
ESR (mm/h) | 15.1 (10.2) | 16.5 (10.1) | 10.8 (6.5) |
Variable | Ubiquinol, 200 mg/day (n = 17) | Ubiquinol, 100 mg/day (n = 15) | Placebo (n = 16) |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline brachial artery diameter (mm) | 4.02 (1.0) | 3.97 (0.60) | 4.19 (1.02) |
Flow-mediated dilation (%) | |||
T0 (recruitment) | 3.48 (1.12) | 3.80 (0.95) | 4.06 (1.13) |
T1 (week 4) | 4.34 (1.81) | 4.63 (0.90) | 4.51 (1.54) |
T1-T0 difference | 0.86 (1.62) | 0.84 (1.16) | 0.45 (1.37) |
T2 (week 8) | 4.75 (1.68) | 5.14 (1.12) | 3.65 (1.06) |
T2-T0 difference ** | 1.28 (0.94) | 1.34 (1.44) | −0.41 (1.51) |
T2-T1 difference * | 0.41 (1.48) | 0.51 (0.96) | −0,86 (1.52) |
Effect size (Cohen’s d, 95% CI) | 0.89 (0.56–1.40) | 1.30 (0.38–2.09) | −0.37 (−1.10–0.20) |
Variable | Ubiquinol, 200 mg/day (n = 17) | Ubiquinol, 100 mg/day (n = 15) | Placebo (n = 16) |
---|---|---|---|
Plasma CoQ10 (μmol/mol) | |||
T0 (recruitment) | 108.7 (28.9) | 145.5 (80.3) | 131.1 (28.9) |
T1 (week 4) | 712.0 (262.6) | 449.7 (310.1) | 120.7 (32.4) |
T1-T0 difference *** | 603.3 (247.1) | 304.2 (256.6) | −10.4 (28.3) |
T2 (week 8) | 723.0 (262.8) | 461.9 (245.9) | 121.2 (50.1) |
T2-T0 difference *** | 614.4 (244.8) | 316.5 (202.5) | −9.9 (37.2) |
T2-T1 difference | 11.1 (150.5) | 12.3 (180.6) | 0.5 (35.6) |
Oxidized CoQ10 (%) | |||
T0 (recruitment) | 12.6 (5.9) | 11.7 (4.7) | 11.6 (4.8) |
T1 (week 4) | 6.0 (1.9) | 8.4 (4.2) | 11.1 (5.1) |
T1-T0 difference *** | −6.6 (4.6) | −3.3 (3.8) | −0.5 (2.5) |
T2 (week 8) | 7.2 (6.8) | 7.6 (2.4) | 14.1 (8.2) |
T2-T0 difference *** | −5.4 (4.4) | −4.0 (3.1) | 2.5 (7.4) |
T2-T1 difference | 1.2 (6.1) | −0.7 (2.8) | 3.0 (7.3) |
Serum nitric oxide metabolites (μm) | |||
T0 (recruitment) | 63.4 (16.6) | 63.7 (16.0) | 64.8 (15.3) |
T2 (week 8) | 72.8 (20.0) | 69.5 (14.8) | 59.9 (15.6) |
T2-T0 difference * | 9.3 (16.1) | 5.9 (11.9) | −4.9 (13.4) |
Plasma oxidized LDL (U/L) | |||
T0 (recruitment) | 74.0 (21.1) | 77.2 (16.4) | 85.2 (12.1) |
T2 (week 8) | 82.6 (17.2) | 79.7 (17.2) | 80.2 (25.1) |
T2-T0 difference | 8.6 (26.3) | 2.5 (23.5) | −5.0 (28.4) |
LDL oxidation lag time (min) | |||
T0 (recruitment) | 102.4 (30.2) | 104.3 (37.9) | 118.2 (31.9) |
T2 (week 8) | 118.4 (43.2) | 100.7 (37.4) | 129.1 (40.1) |
T2-T0 difference * | 16.0 (24.8) | −3.6 (24.3) | 11.0 (29.4) |
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Sabbatinelli, J.; Orlando, P.; Galeazzi, R.; Silvestri, S.; Cirilli, I.; Marcheggiani, F.; Dludla, P.V.; Giuliani, A.; Bonfigli, A.R.; Mazzanti, L.; et al. Ubiquinol Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041098
Sabbatinelli J, Orlando P, Galeazzi R, Silvestri S, Cirilli I, Marcheggiani F, Dludla PV, Giuliani A, Bonfigli AR, Mazzanti L, et al. Ubiquinol Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041098
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabbatinelli, Jacopo, Patrick Orlando, Roberta Galeazzi, Sonia Silvestri, Ilenia Cirilli, Fabio Marcheggiani, Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla, Angelica Giuliani, Anna Rita Bonfigli, Laura Mazzanti, and et al. 2020. "Ubiquinol Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041098