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Volume 12
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10.3390/nu12020543
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Article

FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk

by
Wen-Chieh Wu
1,
Hung-Chih Lin
2,3,4,
Wen-Ling Liao
5,6,
Yueh-Ying Tsai
7,
An-Chyi Chen
8,9,
Hsiang-Chun Chen
10,
Hsiang-Yu Lin
2,9,
Li-Na Liao
11,* and
Pei-Min Chao
1,12,*
1
PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
2
Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
3
Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
4
School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
5
Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
6
Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
7
Phalanx Biotech Group, Inc., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
8
Division of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
9
College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
10
Chen Hsiang-Chun Postpartum Nursing Home, Tainan 701, Taiwan
11
Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
12
Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
 
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543
Submission received: 14 January 2020 / Revised: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 February 2020 / Published: 20 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)
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Abstract

Our objective was to determine how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions in human milk are modulated by maternal FADS gene variants and dietary intake in Taiwanese women. Inclusion criteria included being healthy, 20–40 y old, having had a full-term baby that they intended to breast feed for at least 1 month, and willingness to participate in this study. Intake of DHA was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and fatty acids were analyzed in human milk samples collected 3–4 weeks postpartum. Based on multiple linear regression of data from 164 mothers that completed this study, there was 0.28% (FA%) reduction in milk DHA in high versus low genetic risk (stratified by whether minor allele numbers were ≥ 3 in rs1535 and rs174448) and 0.45% reduction in low versus high intake (stratified by whether DHA intake reached 200 mg/d). There was a significant gene–diet interaction; mothers with low genetic risk only had high milk DHA proportions with high DHA intake, whereas for mothers with high genetic risk, dietary effects were quite limited. Therefore, for FADS single nucleotide polymorphism in Taiwanese women, increasing DHA intake did not correct low milk DHA proportions in those with a high-risk genotype. Diet only conferred benefits to those with a low-risk genotype. Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered (Feb 12, 2019) in ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT03842891, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03842891).
Keywords: DHA; fish; single nucleotide polymorphism; FADS gene; human milk DHA; fish; single nucleotide polymorphism; FADS gene; human milk

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, W.-C.; Lin, H.-C.; Liao, W.-L.; Tsai, Y.-Y.; Chen, A.-C.; Chen, H.-C.; Lin, H.-Y.; Liao, L.-N.; Chao, P.-M. FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients 2020, 12, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543

AMA Style

Wu W-C, Lin H-C, Liao W-L, Tsai Y-Y, Chen A-C, Chen H-C, Lin H-Y, Liao L-N, Chao P-M. FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Wen-Chieh, Hung-Chih Lin, Wen-Ling Liao, Yueh-Ying Tsai, An-Chyi Chen, Hsiang-Chun Chen, Hsiang-Yu Lin, Li-Na Liao, and Pei-Min Chao. 2020. "FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543

APA Style

Wu, W.-C., Lin, H.-C., Liao, W.-L., Tsai, Y.-Y., Chen, A.-C., Chen, H.-C., Lin, H.-Y., Liao, L.-N., & Chao, P.-M. (2020). FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients, 12(2), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543

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