Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Incident Prefrailty and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Population
2.2. Outcome Variable: Incident Frailty
2.3. Explanatory Variables
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
2.4. Confounders
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable * | Entire Cohort n = 2634 | 0–<2.5 Portions n = 323 | 2.5–<5 Portions n = 913 | 5–<7.5 Portions n = 971 | 7.5–<10 Portions n = 329 | ≥10–17 Portions n = 98 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frailty status (missing = 0) | ||||||
Robust | 1577 (59.9%) | 174 (53.9) | 556 (60.9) | 581 (59.8) | 212 (64.4) | 54 (55.1) |
Pre-frail | 1057 (40.1%) | 149 (46.1) | 357 (39.1) | 390 (40.2) | 117 (35.6) | 44 (44.9) |
Incident frailty rate robust & prefrail (case/total) | 0.072 (189/2634) | 0.096 (31/323) | 0.079 (72/913) | 0.062 (60/971) | 0.06 1(20/329) | 0.06 1(6/98) |
Incident prefrailty/frailty rate robust only (case/total) | 0.317 (500/1577) | 0.39 1(68/174) | 0.336 (187/556) | 0.29 1(169/581) | 0.255 (54/212) | 0.407 (22/54) |
Age group (missing = 0) | ||||||
60–64 | 941 (35.7%) | 129 (39.9%) | 345 (37.8%) | 319 (32.9%) | 121 (36.8%) | 27 (27.6%) |
65–69 | 645 (24.5%) | 82 (25.4%) | 211 (23.1%) | 236 (24.3%) | 89 (27.1%) | 27 (27.6%) |
70–74 | 606 (23.1%) | 60 (18.6%) | 206 (22.6%) | 248 (25.5%) | 72 (21.9%) | 20 (20.4%) |
75–79 | 275 (10.4%) | 33 (10.2%) | 95 (10.4%) | 110 (11.3%) | 24 (7.3%) | 13 (13.3%) |
80+ | 167 (6.3%) | 19 (5.9%) | 56 (6.1%) | 58 (6.0%) | 23 (7.0%) | 11 (11.2%) |
Female | 1471 (55.9%) | 157 (48.6%) | 490 (53.7%) | 585 (60.3%) | 191 (58.1%) | 48 (49.0%) |
BMI (missing = 0) | 28.1 ± 4.7 | 28.6 ± 4.7 | 28.0 ± 4.7 | 28.0 ± 4.7 | 28.0 ± 4.8 | 27.9 ± 4.4 |
Smoking (missing = 18) | ||||||
Current smoker | 218 (8.3%) | 56 (17.5%) | 93 (10.3%) | 53 (5.5%) | 8 (2.5%) | 8 (8.3%) |
Non-current smoker | 2398 (91.7%) | 265 (82.6%) | 814 (89.8%) | 913 (94.5%) | 317 (97.5%) | 89 (91.8%) |
Alcohol (missing = 19) | ||||||
None | 205 (7.8%) | 39 (12.2%) | 70 (7.7%) | 73 (7.6%) | 17 (5.2%) | 6 (6.2%) |
1/year-2/month | 694 (26.5%) | 82 (25.6%) | 247 (27.3%) | 248 (25.7%) | 90 (27.5%) | 27 (27.8%) |
1/week-4/week | 1,043 (39.9%) | 117 (36.6%) | 352 (38.8%) | 386 (40.0%) | 143 (43.7%) | 45 (46.4%) |
5/week-daily | 673 (25.7%) | 82 (25.6%) | 238 (26.2%) | 257 (26.7%) | 77 (23.6%) | 19 (19.6%) |
Wealth quintile (missing = 48) | ||||||
Richest | 702 (27.2%) | 52 (16.5%) | 219 (24.4%) | 295 (31.0%) | 109 (33.8%) | 27 (28.1%) |
2nd | 620 (24.0%) | 52 (16.5%) | 233 (26.0%) | 246 (25.8%) | 77 (23.8%) | 12 (12.5%) |
3rd | 568 (22.0%) | 73 (23.1%) | 207 (23.1%) | 194 (20.4%) | 71 (22.0%) | 23 (24.0%) |
4th | 423 (16.4%) | 80 (25.3%) | 143 (15.9%) | 141 (14.8%) | 38 (11.8%) | 21 (21.9%) |
Poorest | 273 (10.6%) | 59 (18.7%) | 96 (10.7%) | 77 (8.1%) | 28 (8.7%) | 13 (13.5%) |
Education (missing = 0) | ||||||
Higher education | 468 (17.8%) | 30 (9.3%) | 160 (17.5%) | 183 (18.9%) | 75 (22.8%) | 20 (20.4%) |
Intermediate | 1524 (57.9%) | 169 (52.3%) | 539 (59.0%) | 578 (59.5%) | 182 (55.3%) | 56 (57.1%) |
No qualification | 642 (24.4%) | 124 (38.4%) | 214 (23.4%) | 210 (21.6%) | 72 (21.9%) | 22 (22.5%) |
Living alone (missing = 0) | 610 (23.2%) | 84 (26.1%) | 183 (20.0%) | 235 (24.2%) | 83 (25.2%) | 25 (25.5%) |
Cognitive function (missing = 183) | 51.8 ± 12.3 | 50.1 ± 10.6 | 51.6 ± 10.4 | 52.2 ± 10.0 | 52.8 ± 11.1 | 50.9 ± 12.3 |
Depressive mood (missing = 11) | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.3 |
Diabetes (missing = 0) | 239 (9.1%) | 40 (12.4%) | 87 (9.5%) | 75 (7.7%) | 26 (7.9%) | 11 (11.2%) |
Hyperlipidemia (missing = 0) | 1077 (40.9%) | 132 (40.9%) | 387 (42.4%) | 401 (41.3%) | 119 (36.2%) | 38 (38.8%) |
Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
Fruit | ||||||
0–<1.5 portions | ref | ref | ref | |||
1.5–<3 portions | 0.71 (0.44–1.15) | 0.16 | 0.94 (0.57–1.54) | 0.79 | 1.07 (0.63–1.82) | 0.79 |
3–<4.5 portions | 0.56 (0.34–0.92) | 0.02 | 0.76 (0.44–1.30) | 0.31 | 0.93 (0.53–1.65) | 0.81 |
4.5–<6 portions | 0.56 (0.31–0.99) | 0.05 | 0.75 (0.41–1.39) | 0.36 | 1.05 (0.55–2.01) | 0.87 |
6–11 portions | 0.92 (0.47–1.80) | 0.80 | 1.40 (0.68–2.89) | 0.36 | 1.98 (0.93–4.22) | 0.08 |
Vegetable | ||||||
0–<1 portion | ref | ref | ref | |||
1–<2 portions | 0.79 (0.47–1.32) | 0.37 | 1.09 (0.62–1.91) | 0.77 | 1.24 (0.67–2.28) | 0.49 |
2–<3 portions | 0.97 (0.58–1.63) | 0.92 | 1.33 (0.76–2.34) | 0.32 | 1.54 (0.84–2.84) | 0.16 |
3–<4 portions | 0.65 (0.34–1.24) | 0.19 | 0.93 (0.46–1.88) | 0.84 | 1.05 (0.49–2.22) | 0.90 |
4–9 portions | 0.46 (0.20–1.04) | 0.06 | 0.57 (0.24–1.36) | 0.20 | 0.53 (0.20–1.36) | 0.19 |
Total | ||||||
0–<2.5 portions | ref | ref | ref | |||
2.5–<5 portions | 0.77 (0.46–1.28) | 0.32 | 1.06 (0.62–1.80) | 0.83 | 1.22 (0.68–2.17) | 0.50 |
5–<7.5 portions | 0.58 (0.35–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.87 (0.50–1.49) | 0.61 | 1.03 (0.58–1.84) | 0.91 |
7.5–<10 portions | 0.56 (0.28–1.12) | 0.10 | 0.91 (0.43–1.93) | 0.82 | 1.19 (0.54–2.65) | 0.67 |
10–17 portions | 0.44 (0.17–1.17) | 0.10 | 0.51 (0.18–1.41) | 0.20 | 0.60 (0.21–1.77) | 0.36 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
Total | ||||||
0–<2.5 portions | ref | ref | ref | |||
2.5–<5 portions | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 0.20 | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 0.59 | 0.77 (0.52–1.15) | 0.21 |
5–<7.5 portions | 0.54 (0.37–0.79) | <0.01 | 0.66 (0.44–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.56 (0.37–0.85) | <0.01 |
7.5–<10 portions | 0.43 (0.27–0.68) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.34–0.91) | 0.02 | 0.46 (0.27–0.77) | <0.01 |
10–17 portions | 0.93 (0.47–1.84) | 0.84 | 1.16 (0.59–2.29) | 0.66 | 1.10 (0.54–2.26) | 0.79 |
Fruit | ||||||
0–<1.5 portions | ref | ref | ref | |||
1.5–<3 portions | 0.82 (0.58–1.18) | 0.28 | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 0.84 | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 0.45 |
3–<4.5 portions | 0.55 (0.39–0.78) | 0.001 | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | 0.02 | 0.58 (0.40–0.84) | <0.01 |
4.5–<6 portions | 0.56 (0.37–0.83) | <0.01 | 0.64 (0.42–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.52 (0.33–0.81) | <0.01 |
6–11 portions | 0.82 (0.48–1.39) | 0.46 | 1.12 (0.66–1.90) | 0.67 | 1.17(0.67–2.02) | 0.58 |
Vegetable | ||||||
0–<1 portion | ref | ref | ref | |||
1–<2 portions | 0.57 (0.39–0.84) | <0.01 | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) | 0.03 | 0.57 (0.38–0.86) | <0.01 |
2–<3 portions | 0.57 (0.39–0.84) | <0.01 | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.64 (0.43–0.96) | 0.03 |
3–<4 portions | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) | 0.05 | 0.75 (0.48–1.18) | 0.21 | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | 0.13 |
4–9 portions | 0.52 (0.31–0.87) | 0.01 | 0.62 (0.37–1.06) | 0.08 | 0.53 (0.30–0.93) | 0.03 |
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Kojima, G.; Iliffe, S.; Jivraj, S.; Walters, K. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Incident Prefrailty and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3882. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123882
Kojima G, Iliffe S, Jivraj S, Walters K. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Incident Prefrailty and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3882. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123882
Chicago/Turabian StyleKojima, Gotaro, Steve Iliffe, Stephen Jivraj, and Kate Walters. 2020. "Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Incident Prefrailty and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3882. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123882