Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of the Polish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire in a General Population Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.2.1. The Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ)
2.2.2. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18)
2.2.3. The Body Dissatisfaction (BD) Scale
2.2.4. Anthropometric and Demographic Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
2.3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
2.3.3. Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis
2.3.4. Reliability and Sensibility Analyses
2.3.5. Relationships with Sociodemographic Variables
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
3.2. Comfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
3.3. Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.4. Reliability and Sensibility Analyses
3.5. Relationships with Sociodemographic Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Fałsz, Całkowita Nieprawda | Trochę Prawda | Głównie Prawda | Całkowita Prawda | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Jestem lepiej niż inni poinformowany(a) w kwestii zdrowego odżywiania się | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
2. Odrzucam propozycje towarzyskie, które wiążą się z jedzeniem niezdrowego jedzenia | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
3. Sposób w jaki przygotowuję jedzenie jest ważny w mojej diecie | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
4. Ilość zasad obowiązujących w mojej diecie wzrosła | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
5. Moje nawyki żywieniowe są lepsze od nawyków żywieniowych innych ludzi | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
6. Rozpraszają mnie myśli dotyczące zdrowego odżywiania się | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
7. Jem tylko to, na co moja dieta pozwala | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
8. Moje zdrowe odżywianie się jest znaczącym źródłem stresu w moich relacjach z innymi ludźmi | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
9. Podejmowałem(am) wysiłki, by z biegiem czasu jeść zdrowiej | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
10. Moja dieta ma wpływ na rodzaj zatrudnienia jakie bym podjął/podjęła | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
11. Moja dieta jest lepsza niż dieta innych ludzi | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
12. Czuję, że mam kontrolę kiedy zdrowo jem | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
13. W ciągu ostatniego roku przyjaciele lub członkowie rodziny powiedzieli mi, że zbytnio przejmuję się zdrowym odżywianiem | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
14. Mam trudność ze znalezieniem restauracji serwujących jedzenie, które jem | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
15. Jedzenie w taki sposób, w jaki ja to robię, daje mi poczucie satysfakcji | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
16. Niewiele pokarmów jest dla mnie zdrowych | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
17. Rzadziej wychodzę z domu odkąd zacząłem/zaczęłam się zdrowo odżywiać | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
18. Spędzam więcej niż trzy godzinny dziennie na myśleniu o zdrowym jedzeniu | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
19. Czuję się świetnie, kiedy zdrowo jem | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
20. Sztywno trzymam się diety opartej na zdrowym jedzeniu | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
21. Przygotowuję jedzenie w najzdrowszy możliwy sposób | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ |
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EHQ Items | Factor Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | |
1. I am more informed than others about healthy eating. | 0.53 | −0.03 | 0.21 |
2. I turn down social offers that involve eating unhealthy food. | 0.13 | 0.49 | 0.05 |
3. The way my food is prepared is important in my diet. | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.42 |
4. I follow a diet with many rules. | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.42 |
5. My eating habits are superior to others. | 0.83 | −0.07 | 0.08 |
6. I am distracted by thoughts of eating healthy. | −0.16 | 0.56 | 0.17 |
7. I only eat what my diet allows. | 0.4 | 0.37 | −0.02 |
8. My healthy eating is a significant source of stress in my relationships. | −0.12 | 0.79 | −0.07 |
9. I have made efforts to eat more healthily over time. | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.73 |
10. My diet affects the type of employment I would take. | 0.2 | 0.44 | 0 |
11. My diet is better than other peoples’ diets. | 0.79 | 0.07 | −0.02 |
12. I feel in control when I eat healthily. | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.64 |
13. In the past year, friends or family members have told me that I’m overly concerned with eating healthily. | 0.15 | 0.62 | −0.01 |
14. I have difficulties finding restaurants that serve the foods I eat. | 0.13 | 0.58 | −0.05 |
15. Eating the way I do gives me a sense of satisfaction. | 0.2 | −0.01 | 0.39 |
16. Few foods are healthy for me to eat. | −0.07 | 0.51 | 0.14 |
17. I go out less since I began eating healthily. | 0.09 | 0.65 | −0.03 |
18. I spend more than three hours a day thinking about healthy food. | −0.1 | 0.74 | 0.09 |
19. I feel great when I eat healthily. | −0.02 | −0.07 | 0.79 |
20. I follow a health-food diet rigidly. | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.09 |
21. I prepare food in the most healthful way. | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.47 |
EHQ and Its Versions | χ2 | p | χ2df | RMSEA | SRMR | AGFI | TLI | CFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EHQ [18] | NA | NA | NA | 0.07 | NA | NA | 0.90 | 0.91 |
PL-EHQ | 76.240 | 0.406 | 1.030 | 0.008 | 0.056 | 0.983 | 0.999 | 0.999 |
Italian version of the EHQ [46] | 228.190 | 0.020 | NA | 0.050 | NA | NA | NA | 0.990 |
French version of the EHQ [42] | NA | NA | NA | 0.04 | 0.05 | NA | 0.98 | NA |
Model | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2 | ΔCFI | ΔSRMR | ΔRMSEA | Δχ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 0.945 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 160.881 | ||||
Male | 0.925 | 0.050 | 0.044 | 126.038 | ||||
Configural | 0.935 | 0.045 | 0.046 | 289.515 | ||||
Metric | 0.957 | 0.048 | 0.036 | 250.585 | 0.022 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 38.93 |
Scalar | 0.959 | 0.048 | 0.034 | 258.281 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.002 | 7.696 |
Strict | 0.961 | 0.051 | 0.032 | 267.9 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 9.619 |
Variables | Age | BMI | BD | EHQ | K | P | F&B | UE | EE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | |||||||||
2. Body mass index | 0.22 * | ||||||||
3. Body dissatisfaction (EDI) | 0.01 | 0.18 * | |||||||
4. Eating Habits Questionnaire total score | −0.05 | −0.06 * | 0.11 * | ||||||
5. Knowledge (EHQ) | 0 | −0.08 * | −0.01 | 0.76 * | - | ||||
6. Problems (EHQ) | −0.07 * | −0.04 | 0.14 * | 0.81 * | 0.38 * | ||||
7. Feelings and behaviors (EHQ) | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.1 * | 0.83 * | 0.58 * | 0.43 * | |||
8. Uncontrolled eating (TFEQ-R18) | −0.16 * | 0.04 | 0.11 * | 0.1 * | 0 | 0.11 * | 0.11 * | ||
9. Emotional eating (TFEQ-R18) | −0.1 * | 0.12 * | 0.14 * | 0.11 * | 0.03 | 0.1 * | 0.12 * | 0.74 * | |
10. Cognitive restraint (TFEQ-R18) | −0.02 | 0.1 * | 0.08 * | 0.32 * | 0.24 * | 0.24 * | 0.3 * | 0.33 * | 0.34 * |
Measure | Female | Male | U (1, 965) | p-Value | d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
EHQ | 25.7 | 7.32 | 24.7 | 6.91 | 121732 * | 0.038 a | 0.14 |
Knowledge (EHQ) | 5.96 | 2.33 | 5.63 | 2.18 | 112933 | 0.990 | |
Problems (EHQ) | 10.87 | 3.69 | 10.45 | 3.48 | 121099 | 0.050 | 0.17 |
Feelings and behaviors (EHQ) | 3.14 | 3.09 | 8.62 | 3.00 | 124090 ** | 0.008 a | |
Body dissatisfaction (EDI) | 1.41 | 0.49 | 1.38 | 0.49 | 115178 | 0.433 | |
Cognitive restraint (TFEQ-R18) | 9.75 | 3.75 | 11.83 | 4.03 | 79207 *** | <0.001 a | −0.54 |
Uncontrolled eating (TFEQ-R18) | 10.22 | −6.03 | 15.06 | 7.11 | 67251 *** | <0.001 a | −0.75 |
Emotional eating (TFEQ-R18) | 3.73 | 2.68 | 4.93 | 3.05 | 86818 *** | <0.001 a | −0.43 |
Body mass index | 22.26 | 3.76 | 22.85 | 3.79 | 101221 ** | 0.006 a | −0.15 |
Age | 23.86 | 5.77 | 22.62 | 3.34 | 6119016 | 0.147 |
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Brytek-Matera, A.; Plasonja, N.; Décamps, G. Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of the Polish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire in a General Population Sample. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123820
Brytek-Matera A, Plasonja N, Décamps G. Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of the Polish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire in a General Population Sample. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123820
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrytek-Matera, Anna, Natalija Plasonja, and Greg Décamps. 2020. "Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of the Polish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire in a General Population Sample" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123820
APA StyleBrytek-Matera, A., Plasonja, N., & Décamps, G. (2020). Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of the Polish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire in a General Population Sample. Nutrients, 12(12), 3820. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123820