Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Cross-Sectional Study among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Anthropometric Profile of Participants
3.2. Mean Score of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on SSB among Participants
3.3. The Frequency of Beverage Intake of Participants
3.4. Factors Associated with Participants’ Knowledge Level on SSB
3.5. Factors Associated with Participant’s Attitude Level on SSB
3.6. Factors Associated with Participant’s Practice Level on SSB
3.7. The Association between KAP on SSB with Body Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 218 | 49.7 |
Female | 221 | 50.3 |
Age | ||
13–15 years old | 381 | 86.8 |
16–17 years old | 58 | 13.2 |
Ethnicity | ||
Malay | 422 | 96.1 |
Others | 17 | 3.9 |
Type of school | ||
Rural | 242 | 55.1 |
Urban | 197 | 44.9 |
Father’s occupation | ||
Professional | 211 | 48.1 |
Non-professional | 228 | 51.9 |
Mother’s occupation | ||
Professional | 150 | 34.2 |
Non-professional | 289 | 65.8 |
Family monthly income | ||
≤RM 1500 | 52 | 11.8 |
RM 1501–RM 2500 | 117 | 26.7 |
RM 2501–RM 5000 | 131 | 29.8 |
RM 5001–RM 8000 | 72 | 16.4 |
RM 8001–RM 15,000 | 47 | 10.7 |
≥PM 15,000 | 20 | 4.6 |
BMI-for-age classification | ||
Underweight | 39 | 8.88 |
Normal | 245 | 55.81 |
Overweight | 81 | 18.45 |
Obese | 74 | 16.86 |
Waist circumference (cm) | ||
Normal | 324 | 73.8 |
High | 115 | 26.2 |
Body fat percentage (%) | ||
Normal | 243 | 55.36 |
High | 196 | 44.65 |
Variable | Mean ± SD (Percentage) | Gender Mean ± SD | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||
Knowledge Score | 5.18 ± 1.57 (51.84) | 5.19 ± 1.58 | 5.17 ± 1.58 | 0.915 |
Attitude Score | 4.42 ± 0.91 (88.43) | 4.22 ± 0.07 | 4.61 ± 0.73 | 0.000 ** |
Practice Score | 2.22 ± 1.14 (44.56) | 2.24 ± 1.20 | 2.22 ± 1.07 | 0.910 |
Types of Beverages | Never or ≤1 Time per Week n (%) | ≤6 Times per Week n (%) | Daily n (%) | p Value (X2 Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plain water | 14 (3.2) | 55 (12.5) | 370 (84.3) | |
Male | 10 (2.3) | 28 (6.4) | 180 (41.0) | 0.242 |
Female | 4 (0.9) | 27 (6.2) | 190 (43.3) | |
100% Fruit Juice | 287 (65.4) | 118 (26.9) | 34 (7.7) | |
Male | 121 (27.6) | 78 (17.8) | 19 (4.3) | 0.000 ** |
Female | 166 (37.8) | 40 (9.1) | 15 (3.4) | |
Sweetened Fruit Beverage | 246 (56.1) | 149 (33.9) | 44 (10.0) | |
Male | 104 (23.7) | 87 (19.8) | 27 (6.2) | 0.002 ** |
Female | 142 (32.3) | 62 (14.1) | 17 (3.9) | |
Full cream milk | 205 (46.7) | 161 (36.7) | 73 (16.6) | |
Male | 93 (21.2) | 85 (19.4) | 40 (9.1) | 0.233 |
Female | 112 (25.5) | 76 (17.3) | 33 (7.5) | |
Low Fat Milk (2%) | 271 (61.7) | 113 (25.8) | 55 (12.5) | |
Male | 120 (27.3) | 65 (14.8) | 33 (7.5) | 0.016 * |
Female | 151 (34.4) | 48 (10.9) | 22 (5.0) | |
Skimmed milk | 342 (77.9) | 59 (13.5) | 38 (8.7) | |
Male | 152 (34.6) | 36 (8.2) | 30 (6.8) | 0.000 ** |
Female | 190 (43.3) | 23 (5.2) | 8 (1.8) | |
Regular Soft Drinks | 287 (65.4) | 118 (26.9) | 34 (7.7) | |
Male | 127 (28.9) | 65 (14.8) | 26 (5.9) | 0.001 ** |
Female | 160 (36.4) | 53 (12.1) | 8 (1.8) | |
Sugar-Sweetened coffee or tea | 117 (26.7) | 210 (47.8) | 112 (25.5) | |
Male | 47 (10.7) | 114 (26.0) | 57 (13.0) | 0.048 * |
Female | 70 (15.9) | 96 (21.9) | 55 (12.5) | |
Energy and Sports Drinks | 277 (63.1) | 115 (26.2) | 47 (10.7) | |
Male | 113 (25.7) | 70 (15.9) | 35 (8.0) | 0.000 ** |
Female | 164 (37.4) | 45 (10.3) | 12 (2.7) | |
Alcoholic drinks | 434 (98.9) | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.7) | |
Male | 215 (49.0) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) | 0.84 |
Female | 219 (49.9) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | |
Other beverages | 419 (95.4) | 15 (3.4) | 10 | |
Male | 208 (47.4) | 5 (1.1) | 5 (1.1) | 0.038 * |
Female | 219 (49.9) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0) |
N (%) with Score ≥ 5 | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 148 (67.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 146 (66.1) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 0.684 | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.483 |
Age | |||||
13–15 | 250 (65.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
16–17 | 44 (75.9) | 0.61 (0.32–1.15) | 0.125 | 0.66 (0.34–1.29) | 0.224 |
Ethnicity | |||||
Malay | 284 (67.3) | 0.69 (0.26–1.86) | 0.469 | 0.7 (0.27–2.02) | 0.548 |
Others | 10 (58.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Type of school area | |||||
Urban | 134 (68.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 160 (66.1) | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 0.673 | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | 0.553 |
Father’s occupation | |||||
Professional | 144 (68.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-professional | 150 (65.8) | 1.12 (0.75–1.67) | 0.585 | 1.02 (0.60–1.71) | 0.955 |
Mother’s occupation | |||||
Professional | 106 (70.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-professional | 188 (65.1) | 1.29 (0.85–1.98) | 0.236 | 1.21 (0.74–1.97) | 0.457 |
Family monthly income | |||||
≤RM 1500 | 27 (51.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
RM 1501–RM 2500 | 80 (68.4) | 0.50 (0.26–0.98) | 0.042 * | 0.51 (0.26–0.99) | 0.048 * |
RM 2501–RM 5000 | 94 (71.8) | 0.43 (0.22–0.83) | 0.012 * | 0.45 (0.22–0.92) | 0.029 * |
RM 5001–RM 8000 | 51 (70.8) | 0.45 (0.21–0.94) | 0.033 * | 0.51 (0.21–1.23) | 0.135 |
RM 8001–RM 15,000 | 32 (68.1) | 0.51 (0.22–1.15) | 0.104 | 0.56 (0.21–1.45) | 0.23 |
≥PM 15,000 | 10 (50.0) | 1.08 (0.39–3.03) | 0.884 | 1.17 (0.38–3.64) | 1.167 |
N (%) with Score = 5 | Crude OR | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 111 (50.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 157 (71.0) | 0.55 (0.21–1.46) | 0.234 | 0.41 (0.27–0.62) | 0.000 *** |
Age | |||||
13–15 | 225 (59.1) | 1.00 | |||
16–17 | 43 (74.1) | 0.50 (0.27–0.94) | 0.030 * | 0.44 (0.22–0.85) | 0.015 * |
Ethnicity | |||||
Malay | 260 (61.6) | 0.55 (0.21–1.46) | 0.234 | 0.54 (0.19–1.51) | 0.236 |
Others | 8 (47.1) | 1.00 | |||
Type of school area | |||||
Urban | 134 (68.0) | 1.71 (1.16–2.54) | 0.007 ** | 1.78 (1.16–2.72) | 0.008 ** |
Rural | 134 (55.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Father’s occupation | |||||
Professional | 133 (63.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-professional | 135 (59.2) | 1.18 (0.80–1.73) | 0.412 | 1.85 (1.10–3.14) | 0.022 * |
Mother’s occupation | |||||
Professional | 91 (60.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-professional | 135 (59.2) | 0.98 (0.65–1.46) | 0.906 | 1.08 (0.66–1.75) | 0.759 |
Family monthly income | |||||
≤RM 1500 | 31 (59.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
RM 1501–RM 2500 | 74 (63.2) | 0.86 (0.44–1.68) | 0.653 | 0.96 (0.47–1.93) | 0.904 |
RM 2501–RM 5000 | 87 (66.4) | 0.75 (0.39–1.45) | 0.387 | 0.98 (0.46–2.06) | 0.952 |
RM 5001–RM 8000 | 38 (52.8) | 1.32 (0.64–2.72) | 0.45 | 2.28 (0.93–5.57) | 0.072 |
RM 8001–RM 15,000 | 29 (61.7) | 0.92 (0.41–2.06) | 0.832 | 1.42 (0.54–3.78) | 0.48 |
≥RM 15,000 | 9 (45.0) | 1.80 (0.64–5.11) | 0.266 | 1.96 (0.61–6.32) | 0.258 |
N (%) with Score ≥ 2 | Crude OR | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 153 (70.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 168 (76.0) | 0.74 (0.49–1.13) | 0.169 | 0.73 (0.48–1.13) | 0.16 |
Age | |||||
13–15 | 284 (74.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
16–17 | 37 (63.8) | 1.66 (0.93–2.98) | 0.088 | 1.78 (0.96–3.28) | 0.065 |
Ethnicity | |||||
Malay | 305 (72.3) | 6.14 (0.81–46.80) | 0.08 | 6.12 (0.80–47.12) | 0.082 |
Others | 16 (94.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Type of school area | |||||
Urban | 143 (72.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 178 (73.6) | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | 0.821 | 0.96 (0.61–1.49) | 0.839 |
Father’s occupation | |||||
Professional | 152 (72.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-professional | 169 (74.1) | 0.90 (0.59–1.37) | 0.623 | 0.73 (0.42–1.25) | 0.244 |
Mother’s occupation | |||||
Professional | 107 (71.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Non-professional | 214 (74.0) | 0.87 (0.56–1.36) | 0.543 | 0.86 (0.51–1.44) | 0.569 |
Family monthly income | |||||
≤RM 1500 | 37 (71.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
RM 1501–RM 2500 | 85 (72.6) | 0.93 (0.45–1.92) | 0.841 | 0.86 (0.408–1.797) | 0.68 |
RM 2501–RM 5000 | 96 (73.3) | 0.90 (0.44–1.84) | 0.771 | 0.71 (0.32–1.57) | 0.404 |
RM 5001–RM 8000 | 53 (73.6) | 0.88 (0.40–1.96) | 0.762 | 0.59 (0.228–1.519) | 0.273 |
RM 8001–RM 15,000 | 36 (76.6) | 0.75 (0.31–1.86) | 0.54 | 0.50 (0.18–1.43) | 0.195 |
≥PM 15,000 | 14 (70.0) | 1.06 (0.34–3.27) | 0.923 | 0.73 (0.21–2.52) | 0.727 |
Knowledge | Attitude | Practice | |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | p = 0.449 | p = 0.198 | p = 0.407 |
Underweight (n = 39) | 50.26 ± 16.14 | 84.62 ± 24.48 | 40.51 ± 24.06 |
Normal (n = 245) | 51.51 ± 16.59 | 87.76 ± 17.93 | 44.49 ± 23.42 |
Overweight (n = 81) | 51.23 ± 14.70 | 91.60 ± 14.79 | 47.65 ± 20.34 |
Obese (n = 74) | 51.46 ± 13.96 | 89.19 ± 18.19 | 43.51 ± 21.80 |
Body Fat Percentage | p = 0.992 | p = 0.013 * | p = 0.381 |
Normal (n = 243) | 51.85 ± 16.82 | 86.50 ± 19.64 | 43.70 ± 23.45 |
High (n = 196) | 51.84 ± 14.45 | 90.81 ± 15.86 | 45.61 ± 21.70 |
Waist circumference | p = 0.419 | p = 0.435 | p = 0.243 |
Normal (n = 324) | 51.48 ± 16.04 | 88.02 ± 18.88 | 45.30 ± 23.00 |
High (n = 115) | 52.87 ± 15.09 | 89.57 ± 15.97 | 42.43 ± 21.71 |
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Teng, N.I.M.F.; Juliana, N.; Izlin, N.L.; Semaon, N.Z. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Cross-Sectional Study among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123617
Teng NIMF, Juliana N, Izlin NL, Semaon NZ. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Cross-Sectional Study among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123617
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeng, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi, Norsham Juliana, Nur Liyana Izlin, and Nur Zulaikha Semaon. 2020. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Cross-Sectional Study among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123617