Association Between Diet Quality and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Korean Adults: The 2014–2015 National Fitness Award Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. RFS
2.3. Assessment of CRF
2.4. Biochemical Studies
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Biochemical Characteristics of the Participants According to Age and Sex
3.3. Association between RFS and VO2max According to the Age Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lee, D.-C.; Artero, E.G.; Sui, X.; Blair, S.N. Mortality trends in the general population: The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness. J. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 24, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- LaMonte, M.J.; Barlow, C.E.; Jurca, R.; Kampert, J.B.; Church, T.S.; Blair, S.N. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: A prospective study of men and women. Circulation 2005, 112, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Laaksonen, D.E.; Lakka, H.-M.; Salonen, J.T.; Niskanen, L.K.; Rauramaa, R.; Lakka, T.A. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2002, 25, 1612–1618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Church, T.S.; Janssen, I.; Ross, R.; Blair, S.N. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and mortality: Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 391–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kodama, S.; Saito, K.; Tanaka, S.; Maki, M.; Yachi, Y.; Asumi, M.; Sugawara, A.; Totsuka, K.; Shimano, H.; Ohashi, Y.; et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2009, 301, 2024–2035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harber, M.P.; Kaminsky, L.A.; Arena, R.; Blair, S.N.; Franklin, B.A.; Myers, J.; Ross, R. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause and disease-specific mortality: Advances since 2009. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017, 60, 11–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosola, J.; Ahotupa, M.; Kyröläinen, H.; Santtila, M.; Vasankari, T. Good aerobic or muscular fitness protects overweight men from elevated oxidized LDL. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2012, 44, 563–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Itabe, H. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of in vivo oxidative stress: From atherosclerosis to periodontitis. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 2012, 51, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shephard, R.J.; Allen, C.; Benade, A.J.S.; Davies, C.T.M.; di Prampero, P.E.; Hedman, R.; Merriman, J.E.; Myhre, K.; Simmons, R. The maximum oxygen intake: An international reference standard of cardio-respiratory fitness. Bull. World Health Organ. 1968, 38, 757–764. [Google Scholar]
- Ross, R.; Blair, S.N.; Arena, R.; Church, T.S.; Després, J.-P.; Franklin, B.A.; Haskell, W.L.; Kaminsky, L.A.; Levine, B.D.; Lavie, C.J.; et al. Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: A case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016, 134, e653–e699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Froelicher, V.F., Jr.; Brammell, H.; Davis, G.; Noguera, I.; Stewart, A.; Lancaster, M.C. A comparison of three maximal treadmill exercise protocols. J. Appl. Physiol. 1974, 36, 720–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davies, B.; Daggett, A.; Jakeman, P.; Mulhall, J. Maximum oxygen uptake utilising different treadmill protocols. Br. J. Sports Med. 1984, 18, 74–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hamlin, M.J.; Draper, N.; Blackwell, G.; Shearman, J.P.; Kimber, N.E. Determination of maximal oxygen uptake using the Bruce or a novel athlete-led protocol in a mixed population. J. Hum. Kinet. 2012, 31, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bernardi, M.; Peluso, I. Interactions between oxidative stress and cardiorespiratory fitness: Old and new biomarkers. Curr. Opin. Toxicol. 2020, 20–21, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rock, C.L.; Jacob, R.A.; Bowen, P.E. Update on the biological characteristics of the antioxidant micronutrients: Vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1996, 96, 693–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Mascio, P.; Murphy, M.E.; Sies, H. Antioxidant defense systems: The role of carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 53, 194S–200S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerster, H. Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1993, 63, 93–121. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Bendich, A.; Machlin, L.J.; Scandurra, O.; Burton, G.W.; Wayner, D.D.M. The antioxidant role of vitamin C. Adv. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1986, 2, 419–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tappel, A.L. Vitamin E as the biological lipid antioxidant. Vitam. Horm. 1962, 20, 493–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stajčić, S.M.; Tepić, A.N.; Đilas, S.M.; Šumić, Z.M.; Čanadanović-Brunet, J.M.; Ćetković, G.S.; Vulić, J.J.; Tumbas, V.T. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of berry fruits. Acta Period. Technol. 2012, 93–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patterson, R.E.; Haines, P.S.; Popkin, B.M. Diet quality index: Capturing a multidimensional behavior. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1994, 94, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esposito, K.; Marfella, R.; Ciotola, M.; Di Palo, C.; Giugliano, F.; Giugliano, G.; D’Armiento, M.; D’Andrea, F.; Giugliano, D. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial. JAMA 2004, 292, 1440–1446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Estruch, R.; Ros, E.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Covas, M.-I.; Corella, D.; Arós, F.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V.; Fiol, M.; Lapetra, J.; et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 1279–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hamer, M.; Mishra, G.D. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk markers in the UK Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010, 20, 491–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.Y.; Yang, Y.J.; Yang, Y.K.; Oh, S.-H.; Hong, Y.-C.; Lee, E.-K.; Kwon, O. Diet quality scores and oxidative stress in Korean adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 65, 1271–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wong, S.H.; Knight, J.A.; Hopfer, S.M.; Zaharia, O.; Leach, C.N., Jr.; Sunderman, F.W., Jr. Lipoperoxides in plasma as measured by liquid-chromatographic separation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct. Clin. Chem. 1987, 33, 214–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cuenca-García, M.; Ortega, F.B.; Huybrechts, I.; Ruiz, J.R.; González-Gross, M.; Ottevaere, C.; Sjöström, M.; Dìaz, L.E.; Ciarapica, D.; Molnar, D.; et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary intake in European adolescents: The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 107, 1850–1859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Howe, A.S.; Skidmore, P.M.L.; Parnell Winsome, R.J.; Wong, E.; Lubransky, A.C.; Black, K.E. Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with a healthy dietary pattern in New Zealand adolescents. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 1279–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bantle, A.E.; Chow, L.S.; Steffen, L.M.; Wang, Q.; Hughes, J.; Durant, N.H.; Ingram, K.H.; Reis, J.P.; Schreiner, P.J. Association of Mediterranean diet and cardiorespiratory fitness with the development of pre-diabetes and diabetes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care. 2016, 4, e000229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jang, W.Y.; Kim, W.; Kang, D.O.; Park, Y.; Lee, J.; Choi, J.Y.; Roh, S.-Y.; Na, J.O.; Choi, C.U.; Rha, S.-W.; et al. Reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy Koreans. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 2191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, M. National Fitness Award 100 in Korea. J. Korean Soc. Study Phys. Educ. 2014, 19, 75–88. [Google Scholar]
- Kant, A.K.; Schatzkin, A.; Graubard, B.I.; Schairer, C. A prospective study of diet quality and mortality in women. JAMA 2000, 283, 2109–2115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bruce, R.A.; Kusumi, F.; Hosmer, D. Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart J. 1973, 85, 546–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, J.Y.; Yang, Y.J.; Kim, B.S.; Kang, J.H. Validity and reliability of Korean version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. J. Korean Acad. Fam. Med. 2007, 28, 532–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farina, E.K.; Thompson, L.A.; Knapik, J.J.; Pasiakos, S.M.; Lieberman, H.R.; McClung, J.P. Diet quality is associated with physical performance and special forces selection. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2020, 52, 178–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shikany, J.M.; Jacobs, D.R., Jr.; Lewis, C.E.; Steffen, L.M.; Sternfeld, B.; Carnethon, M.R.; Richman, J.S. Associations between food groups, dietary patterns, and cardiorespiratory fitness in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98, 1402–1409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Szychlinska, M.A.; Castrogiovanni, P.; Trovato, F.M.; Nsir, H.; Zarrouk, M.; Furno, D.L.; Di Rosa, M.; Imbesi, R.; Musumeci, G. Physical activity and Mediterranean diet based on olive tree phenolic compounds from two different geographical areas have protective effects on early osteoarthritis, muscle atrophy and hepatic steatosis. Eur. J. Nutr. 2019, 58, 565–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harman, D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 1956, 11, 298–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kong, Y.; Trabucco, S.E.; Zhang, H. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and the mitochondria theory of aging. Interdiscip. Top. Gerontol. 2014, 39, 86–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galán, A.I.; Palacios, E.; Ruiz, F.; Díez, A.; Arji, M.; Almar, M.; Moreno, C.; Calvo, J.I.; Muñoz, M.E.; Delgado, M.A.; et al. Exercise, oxidative stress and risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Protective role of antioxidant functional foods. Biofactors 2006, 27, 167–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simioni, C.; Zauli, G.; Martelli, A.M.; Vitale, M.; Sacchetti, G.; Gonelli, A.; Neri, L.M. Oxidative stress: Role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 2018, 9, 17181–17198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- King, D.E.; Egan, B.M.; Geesey, M.E. Relation of dietary fat and fiber to elevation of C-reactive protein. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003, 92, 1335–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuo, H.-K.; Yen, C.-J.; Chen, J.-H.; Yu, Y.-H.; Bean, J.F. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of C-reactive protein: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Int. J. Cardiol. 2007, 114, 28–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, D.E. Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2005, 49, 594–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haraldsdóttir, J.; Andersen, L.B. Dietary factors related to fitness in young men and women. Prev. Med. 1994, 23, 490–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brodney, S.; McPherson, R.S.; Carpenter, R.S.; Welten, D.; Blair, S.N. Nutrient intake of physically fit and unfit men and women. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 2001, 33, 459–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agostinis-Sobrinho, C.; Ramírez-Vélez, R.; García-Hermoso, A.; Rosário, R.; Moreira, C.; Lopes, L.; Martinkenas, A.; Mota, J.; Santos, R. The combined association of adherence to Mediterranean diet, muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness on low-grade inflammation in adolescents: A pooled analysis. Eur. J. Nutr. 2019, 58, 2649–2656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mondal, H.; Mishra, S.P. Effect of BMI, body fat percentage and fat free mass on maximal oxygen consumption in healthy young adults. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017, 11, CC17–CC20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarnopolsky, M.A. Sex differences in exercise metabolism and the role of 17-beta estradiol. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 2008, 40, 648–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greising, S.M.; Baltgalvis, K.A.; Lowe, D.A.; Warren, G.L. Hormone therapy and skeletal muscle strength: A meta-analysis. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2009, 64, 1071–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ronkainen, P.H.A.; Kovanen, V.; Alen, M.; Pöllänen, E.; Palonen Ankarberg-Lindgren, C.; Hämäläinen, E.; Turpeinen, U.; Kujala, U.M.; Puolakka, J.; Kaprio, J.; et al. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy modifies skeletal muscle composition and function: A study with monozygotic twin pairs. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 107, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lehallier, B.; Gate, D.; Schaum, N.; Nanasi, T.; Lee, S.E.; Yousef, H.; Losada, P.M.; Berdnik, D.; Keller, A.; Verghese, J.; et al. Undulating changes in human plasma proteome profiles across the lifespan. Nat. Med. 2019, 25, 1843–1850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, R.; Yau, F.; Ho, S.; Woo, J. Cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with body composition and physical activity in Hong Kong Chinese women aged from 55 to 94 years. Maturitas 2011, 69, 348–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables 1,2 | All | 19‒34 Years | 35‒49 Years | 50‒64 Years | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | |||||
n | 380 | 196 | 92 | 92 | |
Age (years) | 36.2 ± 14.5 | 23.9 ± 4.8 c | 41.8 ± 4.4 b | 56.7 ± 4.4 a | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 4.0 a | 24.8 ± 3.1 b | 24.7 ± 2.4 b | 0.029 |
Body fat percentage (%) | 22.7 ± 6.8 | 22.7 ± 8.1 | 22.7 ± 5.3 | 22.9 ± 4.9 | 0.957 |
Lean body mass (kg) | 32.5 ± 4.3 | 34.1 ± 4.3 a | 31.6 ± 3.7 b | 30.2 ± 3.6 c | <0.001 |
Income (10,000 won/month) | |||||
≤200 | 70 (18.4) | 40 (20.4) | 8 (8.7) | 22 (23.9) | 0.049 |
201–400 | 183 (48.2) | 91 (46.4) | 52 (56.5) | 40 (43.5) | |
>400 | 127 (33.4) | 65 (33.2) | 32 (34.8) | 30 (32.6) | |
Marital status (n, %) | |||||
Single | 196 (51.6) | 173 (88.3) | 14 (15.2) | 9 (9.8) | <0.001 |
Married | 184 (48.4) | 23 (11.7) | 78 (84.8) | 83 (90.2) | |
Current smoker (n, %) | 104 (27.4) | 70 (35.7) | 20 (21.7) | 14 (15.2) | <0.001 |
Current drinker (n, %) | 342 (90.0) | 188 (95.9) | 80 (87.0) | 74 (80.4) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.210 |
RFS (points) | 23.9 ± 9.6 | 22.2 ± 9.6 b | 24.7 ± 8.5 a | 26.9 ± 9.8 a | <0.001 |
Exercise endurance time (min) | 10.6 ± 1.9 | 11.3 ± 1.8 a | 10.6 ± 1.7 b | 9.2 ± 1.8 c | <0.001 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 40.0 ± 6.5 | 42.1 ± 6.1 a | 40.0 ± 5.6 b | 35.2 ± 5.8 c | <0.001 |
Women | |||||
n | 557 | 102 | 186 | 269 | |
Age (years) | 46.7 ± 12.5 | 26.7 ± 4.6 c | 41.9 ± 4.3 b | 57.6 ± 4.0 a | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 22.3 ± 3.3 b | 23.4 ± 3.5 a | 24.0 ± 2.8 a | <0.001 |
Body fat percentage (%) | 31.6 ± 6.1 | 29.6 ± 5.7 b | 30.5 ± 6.8 b | 33.2 ± 5.4 a | <0.001 |
Lean body mass (kg) | 21.7 ± 2.7 | 22.0 ± 2.9 a | 22.3 ± 2.9 a | 21.1 ± 2.3 b | <0.001 |
Income (10,000 won/month) | |||||
≤200 | 158 (28.4) | 18 (17.7) | 18 (9.7) | 122 (45.4) | <0.001 |
201–400 | 223 (40.0) | 42 (41.2) | 93 (50.0) | 88 (32.7) | |
>400 | 176 (31.6) | 42 (41.2) | 75 (40.3) | 59 (21.9) | |
Marital status (n, %) | |||||
Single | 140 (25.1) | 71 (69.6) | 24 (12.9) | 45 (16.7) | <0.001 |
Married | 417 (74.9) | 31 (30.4) | 162 (87.1) | 224 (83.3) | |
Current smoker (n, %) | 6 (1.1) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) | 0.257 |
Current drinker (n, %) | 404 (72.5) | 92 (90.2) | 146 (78.5) | 166 (61.7) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 b | 0.4 ± 0.3 a,b | 0.4 ± 0.3 a | 0.033 |
RFS (points) | 26.2 ± 9.0 | 22.9 ± 9.1 c | 25.3 ± 8.4 b | 28.0 ± 8.9 a | <0.001 |
Exercise endurance time (min) | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 1.3 a | 8.6 ± 1.5 b | 7.8 ± 1.5 c | <0.001 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 29.7 ± 5.2 | 33.4 ± 4.3 a | 30.5 ± 4.8 b | 27.7 ± 4.9 c | <0.001 |
Variables 1,2 | All | 19‒34 Years | 35‒49 Years | 50‒64 Years | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | |||||
n | 380 | 196 | 92 | 92 | |
SBP (mmHg) | 125.9 ± 12.2 | 123.5 ± 11.1 b | 126.4 ± 12.4 b | 130.8 ± 12.7 a | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.3 ± 12.0 | 69.3 ± 11.1 b | 80.8 ± 10.1 a | 82.7 ± 8.8 a | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 118.4 ± 79.0 | 96.7 ± 57.9 b | 148.8 ± 103.9 a | 134.3 ± 76.3 a | <0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 181.6 ± 39.9 | 167.1 ± 39.4 c | 203.0 ± 31.5 a | 191.1 ± 36.0 b | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.1 ± 12.4 | 54.3 ± 12.3 | 55.5 ± 13.5 | 52.5 ± 11.4 | 0.264 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 118.8 ± 32.5 | 109.5 ± 31.4 c | 133.3 ± 29.4 a | 123.9 ± 31.8 b | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.1 ± 17.3 | 87.3 ± 11.0 b | 99.4 ± 22.0 a | 103.2 ± 17.1 a | <0.001 |
Women | |||||
n | 557 | 102 | 186 | 269 | |
SBP (mmHg) | 117.5 ± 14.4 | 110.3 ± 10.7 c | 114.9 ± 13.3 b | 122.0 ± 14.9 a | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 73.3 ± 9.8 | 69.1 ± 8.9 c | 72.8 ± 10.0 b | 75.2 ± 9.5 a | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 97.6 ± 55.2 | 91.3 ± 54.2 b | 87.6 ± 58.4 b | 106.9 ± 51.8 a | 0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 193.9 ± 41.8 | 166.2 ± 50.0 c | 187.9 ± 32.4 b | 208.4 ± 37.9 a | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 65.2 ± 15.2 | 68.5 ± 14.5 a | 66.4 ± 16.0 a | 63.0 ± 14.6 b | 0.003 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 121.6 ± 33.3 | 104.0 ± 28.5 c | 114.2 ± 27.6 b | 133.5 ± 34.1 a | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.0 ± 14.4 | 89.2 ± 12.5 c | 93.0 ± 11.4 b | 98.5 ± 16.0 a | <0.001 |
All | 19‒34 Years | 35‒49 Years | 50‒64 Years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | β | SE | p | n | β | SE | p | n | β | SE | p | n | β | SE | p | |
Men | ||||||||||||||||
Model 1 1 | 380 | 0.079 | 0.028 | 0.006 | 196 | 0.124 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 92 | −0.055 | 0.065 | 0.399 | 92 | 0.099 | 0.060 | 0.103 |
Model 2 2 | 380 | 0.067 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 196 | 0.115 | 0.036 | 0.002 | 92 | −0.064 | 0.066 | 0.335 | 92 | 0.098 | 0.061 | 0.113 |
Model 3 3 | 380 | 0.045 | 0.028 | 0.107 | 196 | 0.090 | 0.034 | 0.009 | 92 | −0.064 | 0.068 | 0.348 | 92 | 0.070 | 0.059 | 0.237 |
Women | ||||||||||||||||
Model 1 1 | 557 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.412 | 102 | 0.081 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 186 | −0.035 | 0.037 | 0.346 | 269 | 0.028 | 0.032 | 0.377 |
Model 2 2 | 557 | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.470 | 102 | 0.082 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 186 | −0.034 | 0.036 | 0.346 | 269 | 0.023 | 0.032 | 0.480 |
Model 3 3 | 557 | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.704 | 102 | 0.067 | 0.037 | 0.071 | 186 | −0.045 | 0.037 | 0.235 | 269 | 0.022 | 0.033 | 0.502 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Seong, M.; Kim, Y.; Park, S.; Kim, H.; Kwon, O. Association Between Diet Quality and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Korean Adults: The 2014–2015 National Fitness Award Project. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113226
Seong M, Kim Y, Park S, Kim H, Kwon O. Association Between Diet Quality and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Korean Adults: The 2014–2015 National Fitness Award Project. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113226
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeong, Mingyeong, Youjin Kim, Saejong Park, Hyesook Kim, and Oran Kwon. 2020. "Association Between Diet Quality and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Korean Adults: The 2014–2015 National Fitness Award Project" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113226