Associations of Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns during Pregnancy with Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes at School Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Cohort
2.2. Maternal Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns
2.3. School-Age Lung Function and Asthma and Allergy Outcomes
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
3.2. Maternal Fatty Acid Patterns and Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Previous Studies
4.2. Interpretation of the Results
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n = 4260 | |
---|---|
Maternal Characteristics | |
Age, years | 30.8 (4.8) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) 1 | 22.6 (18.0–34.6) |
Educational level, higher (%) | 49.1 (2093) |
Ethnic background, European (%) | 64.8 (2760) |
Parity, nullipara (%) | 58.3 (2484) |
History of asthma or atopy, yes (%) | 38.5 (1640) |
Smoking during pregnancy, yes (%) | 25.7 (1096) |
Folic acid supplementation, yes (%) | 76.9 (3275) |
Total daily energy intake (kcal) | 2043 (553) |
Gestational age at fatty acid measurement | 20.7 (1.2) |
Standard deviation scores for fatty acid patterns | |
‘high n-6 PUFA’ pattern | −0.06 (0.98) |
‘MUFA and SFA’ pattern | 0.05 (0.97) |
‘high n-3 PUFA’ pattern | 0.08 (0.99) |
Child Characteristics | |
Sex, female (%) | 50.3 (2142) |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) 1 | 40.2 (35.7–42.4) |
Birth weight (grams) | 3443 (553) |
Ever breastfeeding, yes (%) | 92.0 (3920) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 17.6 (2.8) |
FEV1 (z-score) | 0.17 (0.97) |
FVC (z-score) | 0.20 (0.93) |
FEV1/FVC (z-score) | −0.09 (0.96) |
FEF75 (z-score) | 0.04 (0.92) |
Current asthma, yes (%) | 5.7 (202) |
Inhalant allergic sensitization, yes (%) | 32.7 (1007) |
Physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy, yes (%) | 12.2 (421) |
Fatty Acid Pattern (per SD) | FEV1 Z-Score Change (95% CI) n = 3727 | FVC Z-Score Change (95% CI) n = 3727 | FEV1/FVC Z-Score Change (95% CI) n = 3727 | FEF75 Z-Score Change (95% CI) n = 3727 | Current Asthma OR (95% CI) n = 3526 | Inhalant Allergic Sensitization OR (95% CI) n = 3078 | Inhalant Allergy OR (95% CI) n = 3441 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Basic model | |||||||
‘high n-6 PUFA’ pattern | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) * | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) ** | 1.10 (0.95, 1.26) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) |
‘MUFA and SFA’ pattern | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) * | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) ** | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) |
‘high n-3 PUFA’ pattern | −0.04 (−0.07, −0) * | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) * | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.02) ** | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) |
Model 2: Confounder model | |||||||
‘high n-6 PUFA’ pattern | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.04 (0, 0.07) * | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) ** | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) |
‘MUFA and SFA’ pattern | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.07 (0.96,1.20) |
‘high n-3 PUFA’ pattern | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) |
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Mensink-Bout, S.M.; Voortman, T.; Dervishaj, M.; Reiss, I.K.M.; De Jongste, J.C.; Jaddoe, V.W.V.; Duijts, L. Associations of Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns during Pregnancy with Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes at School Age. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3057. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103057
Mensink-Bout SM, Voortman T, Dervishaj M, Reiss IKM, De Jongste JC, Jaddoe VWV, Duijts L. Associations of Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns during Pregnancy with Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes at School Age. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10):3057. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103057
Chicago/Turabian StyleMensink-Bout, Sara M., Trudy Voortman, Marsela Dervishaj, Irwin K. M. Reiss, Johan C. De Jongste, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, and Liesbeth Duijts. 2020. "Associations of Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns during Pregnancy with Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes at School Age" Nutrients 12, no. 10: 3057. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103057