Effect of Daily Ingestion of Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder for 12 Weeks on Visceral Fat: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Subjects
2.3. Preparation of the Test Food
2.4. Physical, Hematological and Biological Assessments
2.5. Measurement of Abdominal Fat Area
2.6. FFQg
2.7. Safety Assessment
2.8. Ethics
2.9. Statistical Analysis
2.10. Sample Size
3. Results
3.1. Flow Chart for Subject Involvement in Trial and Subject Characteristics
3.2. Efficacy of Quercetin-Rich Onion in Case of VFA
3.3. Efficacy of Quercetin-Rich Onion in Case of TFA, SFA and Body Composition
3.4. Efficacy of Quercetin-Rich Onion in Case of BP and the Oxidative Marker
3.5. Assessment of Dietary Nutrients in Case of Liver Marker
3.6. Assessment of Dietary Nutrients of Subjects during the Study
3.7. Safety Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Guidance and Agreement | Screening | Randomisation | Wash Out Period | Test Food Intake Period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | |||||
Visit | Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | Visit 4 | Visit 5 | |||
Informed consent | ● | |||||||
Medical interview | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Vital sign measurement | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Abdominal fat measurement | ● | ● | ||||||
Body composition measurement | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Blood sampling | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Home blood pressure measurement | During 1 week before each visit | |||||||
Food frequency questionnaire | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Diary records | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Inclusion criteria | 1. Age, ≥35 years and <65 years. |
2. BMI, ≥23 kg/m2 and <30 kg/m2. | |
Exclusion criteria | 1. Subjects under physician’s advice, treatment, and/or medication for obesity and/or hypertension. |
2. Subjects with suspected obesity. | |
3. Pacemaker or defibrillator users. | |
4. Subjects with (or suspected to have) secondary hypertension such as renovascular hypertension, renal parenchymal hypertension, primary aldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. | |
5. Subjects with serious cerebrovascular, cardiac, hepatic, renal or gastrointestinal diseases and/or affected with infectious diseases requiring reports to the authorities. | |
6. Subjects with major surgical history relevant to the digestive system, such as gastrectomy, gastrorhaphy and enterectomy. | |
7. Subjects with unusually high and/or low BP and/or abnormal hematological data. | |
8. Subjects with severe anaemia. | |
9. Pre- or post-menopausal women complaining of obvious physical changes. | |
10. Subjects at risk of experiencing allergic reactions to drugs or foods, especially those based on onion. | |
11. Subjects regularly taking medicine, functional foods and/or supplements which would affect BW and BFR. | |
12. Subjects regularly taking medicine, functional foods and/or supplements which would affect BP. | |
13. Heavy smokers, alcohol addicts or subjects with disordered lifestyle. | |
14. Subjects who had donated 400 mL whole blood within 16 weeks (women) or 12 weeks (men), 200 mL whole blood within 4 weeks (men and women) or blood components within 2 weeks (men and women) before the current study. | |
15. Pregnant or lactating women or women who expect to be pregnant during this study. | |
16. Subjects currently participating in other clinical trials or who had participated within the last 4 weeks before the current study. | |
17. Any other medical and/or health reasons unfavourable to participation in the current study, as judged by the principal investigator. |
Nutrients | Placebo Onion Powder (9.0 g/day) | Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder (9.0 g/day) |
---|---|---|
Calories (kcal) | 34.7 | 34.5 |
Proteins (g) | 0.6 | 0.8 |
Lipids (g) | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 7.5 | 7.4 |
Sodium chloride (mg) | 12.2 | 1.8 |
Quercetin aglycone (mg) | - | 60 |
Characteristic | Placebo Onion Powder | Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder | p |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | ||
Subjects (n) | 27 | 27 | - |
Male (n) | 2 | 6 | 0.25 |
Age (years) | 50.4 ± 7.0 | 49.3 ± 8.3 | 0.59 |
Body weight (kg) | 61.4 ± 6.6 | 63.3 ± 6.9 | 0.31 |
BFR (%) | 35.3 ± 4.8 | 32.9 ± 5.6 | 0.11 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 1.5 | 24.8 ± 1.6 | 0.85 |
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 85.7 ± 5.8 | 86.0 ± 4.5 | 0.84 |
Intake rate (%) | 99.5 ± 0.9 | 99.4 ± 1.2 | 0.88 |
Variable | n | Week 0 | ∆Week 4 | ∆Week 8 | ∆Week 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VFA (cm2) | Placebo | 27 | 62.1 ± 27.9 | - | - | −2.4 ± 10.0 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 27 | 67.5 ± 27.6 | - | - | −6.0 ± 9.0 | |
p | 0.47 | - | - | 0.16 | ||
VFA whose HDL-C is lower (cm2) | Placebo | 18 | 60.9 ± 29.7 | - | - | −0.7 ± 9.1 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 19 | 66.8 ± 28.8 | - | - | −5.8 ± 5.8 | |
p | 0.55 | - | - | 0.046 * | ||
VFA whose HDL-C is higher (cm2) | Placebo | 9 | 64.4 ± 25.5 | - | - | −5.8 ± 11.4 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 8 | 69.4 ± 26.3 | - | - | −6.6 ± 14.7 | |
p | 0.70 | - | - | 0.91 | ||
TFA (cm2) | Placebo | 27 | 282.8 ± 69.7 | - | - | −8.5 ± 28.4 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 27 | 273.8 ± 59.4 | - | - | −16.5 ± 29.7 | |
p | 0.61 | - | - | 0.32 | ||
SFA (cm2) | Placebo | 27 | 220.7 ± 55.4 | - | - | −6.1 ± 26.3 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 27 | 206.3 ± 48.9 | - | - | −10.5 ± 26.0 | |
p | 0.32 | - | - | 0.54 | ||
BW (kg) | Placebo | 27 | 61.1 ± 6.3 | 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 1.1 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 62.8 ± 7.2 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.3 ± 1.5 | |
p | 0.36 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.75 | ||
BFR (%) | Placebo | 27 | 35.5 ± 4.9 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 33.4 ± 5.4 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 2.2 | |
p | 0.15 | 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.14 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | Placebo | 27 | 24.7 ± 1.5 | 0.0 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.5 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 24.5 ± 1.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | |
p | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.84 | 0.72 | ||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | Placebo | 27 | 87.4 ± 6.5 | −0.5 ± 2.6 | −1.0 ± 3.1 | −2.0 ± 3.1 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 86.9 ± 4.7 | 0.6 ± 2.9 | −0.3 ± 2.7 | −2.1 ± 3.1 | |
p | 0.75 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.99 |
Variable | n | Week 0 | ∆Week 4 | ∆Week 8 | ∆Week 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST (U/L) | Placebo | 27 | 21.1 ± 4.8 | 0.9 ± 4.3 | 1.1 ± 3.4 | 3.2 ± 9.2 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 22.4 ± 8.6 | 0.3 ± 7.0 | −0.8 ± 5.8 | −0.4 ± 5.9 | |
p | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.15 | 0.11 | ||
ALT (U/L) | Placebo | 27 | 19.2 ± 7.9 | 2.4 ± 6.0 | 2.9 ± 6.5 | 6.2 ± 13.3 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 20.6 ± 9.0 | 3.5 ± 11.4 | −0.2 ± 6.6 | 0.1 ± 5.2 | |
p | 0.55 | 0.67 | 0.10 | 0.035 * | ||
γ-GTP (U/L) | Placebo | 27 | 21.3 ± 8.0 | 2.8 ± 6.3 | 3.7 ± 6.2 | 2.9 ± 7.0 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 27.7 ± 19.6 | 5.4 ± 12.6 | 5.2 ± 16.0 | 3.3 ± 13.6 | |
p | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 0.88 | ||
ALP (U/L) | Placebo | 27 | 190.3 ± 50.1 | 4.6 ± 16.1 | 3.3 ± 19.9 | 4.4 ± 21.4 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 175.0 ± 36.9 | 11.5 ± 17.0 | 10.6 ± 16.5 | 8.2 ± 14.6 | |
p | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.46 | ||
LDH (U/L) | Placebo | 27 | 186.4 ± 31.1 | −4.4 ± 12.1 | 6.3 ± 19.4 | −4.0 ± 15.7 |
Quercetin-rich onion | 25 | 192.4 ± 56.0 | −7.7 ± 20.1 | −4.9 ± 29.2 | −13.1 ± 31.0 | |
p | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
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Nishimura, M.; Muro, T.; Kobori, M.; Nishihira, J. Effect of Daily Ingestion of Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder for 12 Weeks on Visceral Fat: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010091
Nishimura M, Muro T, Kobori M, Nishihira J. Effect of Daily Ingestion of Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder for 12 Weeks on Visceral Fat: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010091
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishimura, Mie, Takato Muro, Masuko Kobori, and Jun Nishihira. 2020. "Effect of Daily Ingestion of Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder for 12 Weeks on Visceral Fat: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study" Nutrients 12, no. 1: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010091
APA StyleNishimura, M., Muro, T., Kobori, M., & Nishihira, J. (2020). Effect of Daily Ingestion of Quercetin-Rich Onion Powder for 12 Weeks on Visceral Fat: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study. Nutrients, 12(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010091