Trans Fat Labeling Information on Brazilian Packaged Foods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Quality
2.3. Search for Terms in the List of Ingredients
- ○
- With trans fats: foods with information indicating a content of trans fats greater than zero on the nutrition facts panel;
- ○
- False negatives: foods with no trans fats declared on the nutrition facts panel but with specific sources of trans fats in the list of ingredients;
- ○
- Possible false negatives: foods with no trans fats declared on the nutrition facts panel but with unspecific sources of trans fats in the list of ingredients;
- ○
- Without trans fats: foods with no specific or unspecific terms related to trans fats in the list of ingredients.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Food Category | Foods Included |
---|---|
Breakfast cereals and granola bars | Corn flakes, flavored oats, infant cereals, granolas, mueslis, granola bars, porridges, mix of cereals and fruits. |
Bakery products | Breads, toasts, and cakes, including powders. |
Convenience foods | Ready meals, French fries to frying, instant rice, instant noodles, instant soups, instant mashed potatoes, filled pastas, pizzas, pies, sandwiches, baby foods. |
Unsweetened dairy products | Natural yogurts, milks, milk powders, milk compounds. Only products without sugar or nonnutritive sweeteners. |
Sweetened dairy products | Yogurts, flavored milks, fermented milk, milk compounds, dairy beverages. |
Snacks | Salted peanuts, salty snacks, potato chips, potato sticks, microwave popcorn (all flavors). |
Cookies and crackers | Sweet and salty biscuits and cookies. |
Canned vegetables | Canned beans and vegetables. |
Oils and fats | Oils, margarines, butters, milk creams, vegetal fats. |
Sauces, herbs, and dressings | Sauces, mayonnaises, herbs, catchup, salad dressings. |
Coffee and tea | Coffees and herbs to prepare tea. |
Candies and desserts | Chocolates, boiled sweets, flavored milk powder, jellies, cocoa powder, syrups, chocolate spreads, chewing gum, condensed milk, marshmallows, ice creams. Including versions with nonnutritive sweeteners. |
Cereals, beans, other grain products | Beans, flours, rice, corns, pastas. |
Packaged fruits and vegetables | Fruits and vegetables in natura, frozen fruit pulp, frozen vegetables. |
Meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs | Meat, poultry, seafood, and egg, including chilled and frozen products. |
Sugar and other nonnutritive sweeteners | Sugar, honey, nonnutritive sweeteners. |
Processed meats | Burgers, sausages, canned fish, smoked meats, seasoned meats, salted meats, hams, salami, meat pates. |
Fruit juices | Products declared as juices, fruit juices without water or added sugar, coconut water. |
Nectars | Nectars made with juice and added water and/or sugar. |
Fruit-flavored drinks | Fruit drink powder, fruit punch concentrate, fruit-flavored beverages. |
Carbonated beverages | Sodas. Including diet and light versions. |
Other beverages | Plant-based beverages, ready-to-drink teas, isotonic drinks, coconut milk. |
Nuts and seeds | Nuts and seeds, including salted nuts. |
Cheeses and cream cheeses | Cheeses, and cream cheeses. |
Fruits preserves | Fruit jellies, fruit preserves, canned fruits, dried fruits, fruits sorbet. |
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Type of Term | Searched Items |
---|---|
Specific | Partially hydrogenated fat, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated. |
Unspecific | Vegetable fat, margarine, vegetable cream. |
Food Category | n | List of Ingredients | Nutrition Facts Panel | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | Specific | Unspecific | Zero or Insignificant | Above Zero | Not Informed | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Breakfast cereals and granola bars | 308 | 225 | 73.1 | 2 | 0.6 | 81 | 26.3 | 304 | 98.7 | 4 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
Bakery products | 595 | 244 | 41.0 | 123 | 20.7 | 228 | 38.3 | 490 | 82.4 | 105 | 17.6 | 0 | 0.0 |
Convenience foods | 795 | 477 | 60.0 | 48 | 6.0 | 270 | 34.0 | 651 | 81.9 | 133 | 16.7 | 11 | 1.4 |
Unsweetened dairy beverages | 181 | 181 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 179 | 98.9 | 2 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
Sweetened dairy beverages | 483 | 472 | 97.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 2.3 | 476 | 98.6 | 4 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.6 |
Snacks | 356 | 203 | 57.0 | 45 | 12.6 | 108 | 30.3 | 340 | 95.5 | 14 | 3.9 | 2 | 0.6 |
Cookies and crackers | 747 | 185 | 24.8 | 113 | 15.1 | 449 | 60.1 | 638 | 85.4 | 97 | 13.0 | 12 | 1.6 |
Canned vegetables | 345 | 345 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 330 | 95.7 | 2 | 0.6 | 13 | 3.8 |
Oils and fats | 351 | 338 | 96.3 | 7 | 2.0 | 6 | 1.7 | 325 | 92.6 | 24 | 6.8 | 2 | 0.6 |
Sauces, herbs, and dressings | 801 | 720 | 89.9 | 18 | 2.2 | 63 | 7.9 | 785 | 98.0 | 9 | 1.1 | 7 | 0.9 |
Coffee and tea | 94 | 94 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 84 | 89.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 10.6 |
Candies and desserts | 1220 | 765 | 62.7 | 100 | 8.2 | 355 | 29.1 | 1132 | 92.8 | 83 | 6.8 | 5 | 0.4 |
Cereals, beans, other grain products | 735 | 698 | 95.0 | 2 | 0.3 | 35 | 4.8 | 717 | 97.6 | 10 | 1.4 | 8 | 1.1 |
Packaged fruits and vegetables | 907 | 907 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 841 | 92.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 66 | 7.3 |
Meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs | 577 | 577 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 518 | 89.8 | 55 | 9.5 | 4 | 0.7 |
Sugar and other nonnutritive sweeteners | 106 | 106 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 106 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Processed meats | 810 | 759 | 93.7 | 1 | 0.1 | 50 | 6.2 | 769 | 94.9 | 36 | 4.4 | 5 | 0.6 |
Fruit juices | 150 | 150 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 150 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Nectars | 160 | 160 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 160 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Fruit-flavored drinks | 220 | 220 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 220 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Carbonated beverages | 106 | 106 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 106 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Other beverages | 286 | 285 | 99.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 281 | 98.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 1.7 |
Nuts and seeds | 80 | 74 | 92.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 4 | 5.0 | 79 | 98.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.3 |
Cheeses and cheese spreads | 607 | 594 | 97.9 | 11 | 1.8 | 2 | 0.3 | 502 | 82.7 | 105 | 17.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
Fruit preserves | 414 | 412 | 99.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.5 | 410 | 99.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 1.0 |
Total | 11,434 | 9297 | 81.3 | 472 | 4.1 | 1665 | 14.6 | 10,593 | 92.6 | 683 | 6.0 | 158 | 1.4 |
Food Category | n Subsample | Presence of Claims | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CI | |||
Bakery products | 175 | 37 | 21.1 | 15.7 | 27.8 |
Cookies and crackers | 225 | 27 | 12.0 | 8.4 | 16.9 |
Breakfast cereals and granola bars | 95 | 11 | 11.6 | 6.5 | 19.8 |
Snacks | 108 | 12 | 11.1 | 6.4 | 18.6 |
Convenience foods | 238 | 22 | 9.2 | 6.2 | 13.7 |
Fruit preserves | 136 | 7 | 5.1 | 2.5 | 10.4 |
Candies and desserts | 365 | 13 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 6.0 |
Oils and fats | 106 | 3 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 8.5 |
Sauces, herbs, and dressings | 262 | 7 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 5.5 |
Cereals, beans, other grain products | 230 | 6 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 5.7 |
Processed meats | 257 | 6 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 5.1 |
Nectars | 50 | 1 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 13.1 |
Packaged fruits and vegetables | 261 | 5 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 4.5 |
Other beverages | 77 | 1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 8.8 |
Meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs | 171 | 2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 4.6 |
Unsweetened dairy beverages | 56 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Sweetened dairy beverages | 149 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Canned vegetables | 110 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Coffee and tea | 30 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Sugar and other nonnutritive sweeteners | 37 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fruit juices | 53 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fruit-flavored drinks | 63 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Carbonated beverages | 35 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Nuts and seeds | 22 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Cheeses and cheese spreads | 180 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total | 3491 | 160 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 5.3 |
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Ricardo, C.Z.; Peroseni, I.M.; Mais, L.A.; Martins, A.P.B.; Duran, A.C. Trans Fat Labeling Information on Brazilian Packaged Foods. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092130
Ricardo CZ, Peroseni IM, Mais LA, Martins APB, Duran AC. Trans Fat Labeling Information on Brazilian Packaged Foods. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092130
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo, Camila Zancheta, Isabela Mateus Peroseni, Laís Amaral Mais, Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins, and Ana Clara Duran. 2019. "Trans Fat Labeling Information on Brazilian Packaged Foods" Nutrients 11, no. 9: 2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092130