Cardioprotective Effect of a Virgin Olive Oil Enriched with Bioactive Compounds in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Oils
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Blood Pressure Determination
2.4. Plasma Biochemical Analysis
2.5. Urine Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Vascular Reactivity in Aortic Rings
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Time-Course of Body Weight, Food Intake, Water Intake, and Diuresis
3.2. Effects of Enriched Olive Oil on Blood Pressure in SHR
3.3. Vasoactive Peptides: Plasma Angiotensin II and Urinary Endothelin-1
3.4. Morphological Variables
3.5. Plasma Urine Biochemical Variables
3.6. Oxidative and Inflammatory Biomarkers
3.7. Ex-Vivo Effects on Vascular Function
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Strengths
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Characteristics | CO | FOO |
---|---|---|
Acidity (%) | 0.14 | 0.14 |
Peroxide value (meq/Kg) | 5.3 | 9.5 |
K270 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
K232 | 1.79 | 1.85 |
DeltaK | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Main Fatty acids | ||
Palmithic (C16) (%) | 10.12 | 10.09 |
Stearic (C18) (%) | 3.81 | 3.79 |
Oleic (C18:1) (%) | 79.71 | 79.87 |
Linoleic (C18:2n6) (%) | 3.95 | 3.91 |
Total ethyl esters (mg/Kg) | 7 | 13 |
Total sterols (mg/Kg) | 1316 | 1328 |
Total phenolic compounds (mg/Kg) | 17.6 | 749.9 |
WKY-H | SHR | SHR-CO | SHR-FOO | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW(g) | 444.9 ± 4.0 a | 403.4 ± 9.7 b | 394.9 ± 8.0 b | 390.5 ± 10.8 b | 0.001 |
HW (g) | 1.0 ± 0.01 a | 1.3 ± 0.03 c | 1.3 ± 0.03 bc | 1.2 ± 0.03 b | 0.001 |
HW/BW (mg/g) | 2.4 ± 0.02 a | 3.3 ± 0.1 c | 3.3 ± 0.08 bc | 3.1 ± 0.07 b | 0.001 |
LVW (mg) | 0.86 ± 0.01 a | 1.1 ± 0.02 c | 1.2 ± 0.03 bc | 1.0 ± 0.03 b | 0.001 |
LVW/BW (mg/g) | 1.9 ± 0.02 a | 2.8 ± 0.09 c | 3.0 ± 0.08 bc | 2.6 ± 0.05 b | 0.001 |
KW (g) | 1.3 ± 0.02 | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.02 | 0.020 |
KW/BW (mg/g) | 2.9 ± 0.05 | 3.1 ± 0.09 | 3.0 ± 0.06 | 3.1 ± 0.08 | 0.147 |
WKY-H | SHR | SHR-CO | SHR-FOO | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | |||||
Sodium (mEq/L) | 144.1 ± 0.7 | 143.9 ± 1.2 | 144.7 ± 0.9 | 144.1 ± 0.8 | 0.940 |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.3 ± 0.1 ab | 4.7 ± 0.2 b | 4.2 ± 0.1 a | 4.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.040 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 0.03 a | 0.5 ± 0.05 b | 0.4 ± 0.03 a | 0.4 ± 0.03 a | 0.004 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 37.5 ± 1.4 | 41.2 ± 2.8 | 41.9 ± 1.9 | 40.0 ± 1.4 | 0.400 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 79.9 ± 3.3 a | 77.9 ± 5.9 ab | 74.3 ± 2.2 ab | 65.2 ± 1.9 b | 0.020 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 63.2 ± 2.6 | 63.6 ± 5.0 | 59.4 ± 2.0 | 63.2 ± 2.7 | 0.770 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 9.2 ± 0.7 | 10.8 ± 1.1 | 10.0 ± 0.7 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | 0.500 |
Urine | |||||
Diuresis (mL/100 g/24 h) | 1.3 ± 0.1 a | 2.7 ± 0.2 b | 2.8 ± 0.1 b | 2.7 ± 0.2 b | 0.001 |
Natriuresis (µEq/100 g/24 h) | 243.7 ± 31.1 a | 285.8 ± 27.0 ab | 336.7 ± 20.9 b | 248.4 ± 18.1 ab | 0.040 |
Kaliuresis (µEq/100 g/24 h) | 520.5 ± 50.8 | 609.4 ± 40.9 | 617.7 ± 37.9 | 531.5 ± 50.0 | 0.320 |
Creatinine (mL/min/kg) | 1.8 ± 0.1 a | 2.7 ± 0.1 b | 2.8 ± 0.1 b | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 0.001 |
Clearance/Creatinine (mL/min/kg) | 0.64 ± 0.07 a | 0.63 ± 0.05 a | 0.94 ± 0.06 b | 0.91 ± 0.08 b | 0.001 |
Proteinuria (g/dL) | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 0.200 |
Nitrites µM | 208.1 ± 43.9 ab | 144.8 ± 50.1 a | 344.4 ± 41.5 bc | 393.3 ± 48.7 c | 0.002 |
Water balance (mL/100 g/24 h) | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 0.510 |
Sodium balance (µEq/100 g/day) | 462.9 ± 38.7 | 528.4 ± 45.7 | 415.4 ± 82.1 | 587.4 ± 61.7 | 0.210 |
WKY-H | SHR | SHR-CO | SHR-FOO | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urine | |||||
8-OH-dG (ng/mL) | 53.2 ± 5.0 a | 26.7 ± 4.2 b | 24.5 ± 4.4 b | 17.1 ± 4.4 c | 0.001 |
F2-isoprostanes (ng/mL) | 7.6 ± 0.8 a | 3.8 ± 0.5 b | 2.8 ± 0.3 b | 3.3 ± 0.3 b | 0.001 |
Plasma | |||||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 0.280 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 45.9 ± 8.9 b | 26.3 ± 2.7 ab | 24.4 ± 3.2 ab | 23.6 ± 3.2 a | 0.021 |
VEGF (pg/mL) | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 0.060 |
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Vazquez, A.; Sanchez-Rodriguez, E.; Vargas, F.; Montoro-Molina, S.; Romero, M.; Espejo-Calvo, J.A.; Vilchez, P.; Jaramillo, S.; Olmo-García, L.; Carrasco-Pancorbo, A.; et al. Cardioprotective Effect of a Virgin Olive Oil Enriched with Bioactive Compounds in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081728
Vazquez A, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Vargas F, Montoro-Molina S, Romero M, Espejo-Calvo JA, Vilchez P, Jaramillo S, Olmo-García L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, et al. Cardioprotective Effect of a Virgin Olive Oil Enriched with Bioactive Compounds in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8):1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081728
Chicago/Turabian StyleVazquez, Alejandra, Estefania Sanchez-Rodriguez, Félix Vargas, Sebastián Montoro-Molina, Miguel Romero, Juan Antonio Espejo-Calvo, Pedro Vilchez, Sara Jaramillo, Lucía Olmo-García, Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo, and et al. 2019. "Cardioprotective Effect of a Virgin Olive Oil Enriched with Bioactive Compounds in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats" Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081728
APA StyleVazquez, A., Sanchez-Rodriguez, E., Vargas, F., Montoro-Molina, S., Romero, M., Espejo-Calvo, J. A., Vilchez, P., Jaramillo, S., Olmo-García, L., Carrasco-Pancorbo, A., de la Torre, R., Fito, M., Covas, M. -I., Martínez de Victoria, E., & Mesa, M. D. (2019). Cardioprotective Effect of a Virgin Olive Oil Enriched with Bioactive Compounds in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients, 11(8), 1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081728