Associations between Physical Activity and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents: Results of KiGGS Wave 2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Data Collection and Aggregation
2.3. Food Intake
2.4. Recommended Daily Physical Activity (RDPA) and Physical Exercise (PE)
2.5. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
2.6. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Binary Associations
3.2. Multivariable Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Sex | Age (Years) | Socioeconomic Status a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | 6–10 | 11–13 | 14–17 | Low | Medium | High | |||
n | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | % 95% CI | |
n | 100.0 9842 | 47.2 4646 | 52.8 5196 | 32.0 3146 | 35.2 3464 | 32.8 3232 | 12.2 1184 | 62.3 6065 | 25.5 2480 | |
Physical exerciseb | ||||||||||
Low | 2295 | 25.7 24.4–27.0 | 22.1 20.4–23.8 | 29.2 27.4–31.1 | 23.5 21.1–26.0 | 23.1 21.1–25.2 | 29.9 27.7–32.1 | 44.2 40.4–48.1 | 24.0 22.6–25.6 | 12.9 11.3–14.7 |
Medium | 3639 | 36.7 35.3–38.1 | 32.5 30.7–34.3 | 40.7 38.8–42.8 | 48.3 45.7–50.8 | 36.4 34.1–38.8 | 27.3 25.5–29.2 | 30.4 27.1–34.0 | 37.6 36.0–39.4 | 40.0 38.0–42.2 |
High | 3654 | 37.6 36.2–39.1 | 45.4 43.2–47.7 | 30.1 28.3–31.9 | 28.3 26.3–30.4 | 40.5 38.0–43.1 | 42.9 40.8-45.0 | 25.3 22.5–28.5 | 38.3 36.5–40.1 | 47.0 44.5–49.6 |
Recommended daily physical activityc | ||||||||||
Low | 2305 | 25.2 23.9–26.6 | 20.3 18.5–22.2 | 30.1 28.3–31.9 | 17.1 15.4–18.9 | 22.8 20.9–24.9 | 34.2 32.1–36.4 | 34.1 30.3–38.2 | 24.1 22.7–25.7 | 19.7 17.9–21.6 |
Medium | 4786 | 47.8 46.4–49.2 | 48.8 46.9–50.6 | 46.9 44.9–49.0 | 44.9 42.5–47.3 | 50.0 47.6–52.5 | 48.4 46.1–50.6 | 40.3 36.4–44.2 | 48.8 47.0–50.5 | 52.4 50.0–54.8 |
High | 2639 | 27.0 25.6–28.4 | 31.0 29.2–32.9 | 23.0 21.3–24.9 | 38.0 35.6–40.6 | 27.1 24.8–29.6 | 17.4 15.8–19.2 | 25.6 22.5–29.1 | 27.1 25.6–28.7 | 27.9 26.1–29.9 |
Total | Physical Exercise a | Recommended Daily Physical Activity b | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | P * | Low | Medium | High | P * | |||
High Intake | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||
Soft drinks | boys | 39.7 | 48.2 | 36.3 | 37.2 | <0.001 | 42.4 | 37.4 | 40.5 | 0.128 |
girls | 38.0 | 47.3 | 33.2 | 33.9 | <0.001 | 42.0 | 35.3 | 36.0 | 0.008 | |
total | 38.8 | 47.7 | 34.6 | 35.8 | <0.001 | 42.2 | 36.3 | 38.6 | 0.003 | |
Juice | boys | 34.5 | 31.1 | 33.8 | 37.3 | 0.012 | 31.5 | 34.9 | 36.2 | 0.210 |
girls | 35.5 | 32.4 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 0.223 | 33.2 | 37.1 | 35.2 | 0.231 | |
total | 35.0 | 31.9 | 35.0 | 36.8 | 0.014 | 32.5 | 36.0 | 35.8 | 0.092 | |
Water | boys | 39.7 | 36.8 | 37.0 | 42.1 | 0.016 | 35.9 | 39.2 | 42.8 | 0.045 |
girls | 33.5 | 33.7 | 31.1 | 36.5 | 0.042 | 32.2 | 32.9 | 36.7 | 0.118 | |
total | 36.5 | 35.0 | 33.7 | 39.8 | <0.001 | 33.7 | 36.1 | 40.2 | <0.001 | |
Milk | boys | 25.6 | 25.5 | 24.7 | 27.1 | 0.496 | 21.2 | 25.7 | 28.3 | 0.015 |
girls | 29.9 | 30.9 | 27.8 | 32.1 | 0.124 | 30.8 | 29.6 | 29.4 | 0.776 | |
total | 27.8 | 28.6 | 26.4 | 29.1 | 0.170 | 27.0 | 27.6 | 28.7 | 0.557 | |
Dairy products | boys | 39.0 | 33.2 | 38.6 | 42.5 | 0.001 | 33.8 | 39.7 | 41.1 | 0.013 |
girls | 39.3 | 36.8 | 38.6 | 43.1 | 0.021 | 36.0 | 40.1 | 41.9 | 0.057 | |
total | 39.1 | 35.3 | 38.6 | 42.7 | <0.001 | 35.1 | 39.9 | 41.5 | <0.001 | |
Fast food | boys | 40.0 | 36.6 | 39.0 | 41.0 | 0.220 | 39.8 | 40.1 | 39.2 | 0.928 |
girls | 41.4 | 43.6 | 40.4 | 39.8 | 0.219 | 41.3 | 42.0 | 39.6 | 0.614 | |
total | 40.7 | 40.7 | 39.8 | 40.5 | 0.852 | 40.7 | 41.0 | 39.4 | 0.628 | |
Fruits | boys | 36.0 | 27.4 | 33.5 | 41.9 | <0.001 | 24.3 | 37.7 | 41.3 | <0.001 |
girls | 37.1 | 33.5 | 35.0 | 43.9 | <0.001 | 30.6 | 38.5 | 41.7 | <0.001 | |
total | 36.5 | 30.9 | 34.4 | 42.7 | <0.001 | 28.1 | 38.1 | 41.5 | <0.001 | |
Vegetables | boys | 38.4 | 31.0 | 35.6 | 44.1 | <0.001 | 32.1 | 38.9 | 41.9 | 0.001 |
girls | 40.1 | 35.3 | 38.7 | 47.6 | <0.001 | 34.7 | 42.0 | 43.8 | <0.001 | |
total | 39.3 | 33.5 | 37.4 | 45.5 | <0.001 | 33.7 | 40.5 | 42.7 | <0.001 | |
Bread | boys | 37.4 | 39.3 | 34.7 | 37.2 | 0.168 | 33.5 | 36.6 | 40.9 | 0.016 |
girls | 38.8 | 39.7 | 38.5 | 37.5 | 0.689 | 36.9 | 37.9 | 41.5 | 0.180 | |
total | 38.1 | 39.5 | 36.8 | 37.3 | 0.295 | 35.5 | 37.2 | 41.1 | 0.008 | |
Potatoes/pasta/rice | boys | 38.5 | 36.7 | 37.2 | 39.7 | 0.417 | 35.6 | 36.8 | 42.6 | 0.013 |
girls | 39.2 | 40.5 | 38.4 | 38.6 | 0.596 | 37.7 | 40.6 | 37.5 | 0.309 | |
total | 38.8 | 38.9 | 37.9 | 39.2 | 0.663 | 36.9 | 38.7 | 40.4 | 0.174 | |
Meat | boys | 39.8 | 37.6 | 38.9 | 41.1 | 0.361 | 37.7 | 38.6 | 42.3 | 0.172 |
girls | 41.3 | 45.4 | 38.9 | 40.0 | 0.013 | 42.2 | 40.0 | 42.3 | 0.438 | |
total | 40.6 | 42.1 | 38.9 | 40.7 | 0.162 | 40.4 | 39.3 | 42.3 | 0.159 | |
Breakfast cereals | boys | 36.8 | 31.2 | 34.0 | 41.9 | <0.001 | 32.2 | 38.1 | 37.7 | 0.042 |
girls | 39.3 | 36.4 | 39.2 | 41.6 | 0.113 | 37.3 | 39.3 | 42.4 | 0.104 | |
total | 38.0 | 34.2 | 37.0 | 41.8 | <0.001 | 35.3 | 38.7 | 39.7 | 0.020 | |
Savoury snacks | boys | 41.0 | 43.3 | 39.9 | 40.1 | 0.417 | 40.8 | 40.9 | 40.8 | 0.999 |
girls | 41.2 | 44.5 | 40.0 | 39.1 | 0.080 | 45.0 | 38.4 | 41.4 | 0.011 | |
total | 41.1 | 44.0 | 40.0 | 39.7 | 0.033 | 43.3 | 39.7 | 41.1 | 0.098 | |
Confectionery | boys | 35.2 | 31.4 | 34.2 | 37.0 | 0.109 | 30.7 | 34.4 | 39.0 | 0.009 |
girls | 40.6 | 43.9 | 39.6 | 40.1 | 0.143 | 44.3 | 37.5 | 42.8 | 0.002 | |
total | 37.9 | 38.6 | 37.2 | 38.2 | 0.719 | 38.9 | 35.9 | 40.6 | 0.011 |
High intake of Food Group | Boys (n = 4472) Physical Exercise Level | Girls (n = 5016) Physical Exercise Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium | High | Medium | High | ||
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Soft drinks | Model 1 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
Model 2 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | |
Juice | Model 1 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Water | Model 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Milk | Model 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | |
Dairy products | Model 1 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) |
Model 2 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Fast food | Model 1 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | |
Fruits | Model 1 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | |
Vegetables | Model 1 | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | |
Bread | Model 1 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
Model 2 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | |
Potatoes/pasta/rice | Model 1 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | |
Meat | Model 1 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | |
Breakfast cereals | Model 1 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Savoury snacks | Model 1 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | |
Confectionery | Model 1 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
High intake of Food Group | Boys (n = 4557) Daily Physical Activity Level | Girls (n = 5073) Daily Physical Activity Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium | High | Medium | High | ||
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Soft drinks | Model 1 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) |
Model 2 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | |
Juice | Model 1 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | |
Water | Model 1 | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | |
Milk | Model 1 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
Model 2 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | |
Dairy products | Model 1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) |
Model 2 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | |
Fast food | Model 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | |
Fruits | Model 1 | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) | 1.5 (1.3–1.9) | 1.9 (1.6–2.4) |
Model 2 | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | |
Vegetables | Model 1 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) |
Model 2 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | |
Bread | Model 1 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | |
Potatoes/pasta/rice | Model 1 | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | |
Meat | Model 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | |
Breakfast cereals | Model 1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
Model 2 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Savoury snacks | Model 1 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
Model 2 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | |
Confectionery | Model 1 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) |
Model 2 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
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Manz, K.; Mensink, G.B.M.; Finger, J.D.; Haftenberger, M.; Brettschneider, A.-K.; Lage Barbosa, C.; Krug, S.; Schienkiewitz, A. Associations between Physical Activity and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents: Results of KiGGS Wave 2. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051060
Manz K, Mensink GBM, Finger JD, Haftenberger M, Brettschneider A-K, Lage Barbosa C, Krug S, Schienkiewitz A. Associations between Physical Activity and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents: Results of KiGGS Wave 2. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051060
Chicago/Turabian StyleManz, Kristin, Gert B. M. Mensink, Jonas D. Finger, Marjolein Haftenberger, Anna-Kristin Brettschneider, Clarissa Lage Barbosa, Susanne Krug, and Anja Schienkiewitz. 2019. "Associations between Physical Activity and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents: Results of KiGGS Wave 2" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051060