[118] | Healthy men and women (n = 76). | Mixed CLA, 5 g/day (n = 38). Placebo (n = 38). | Randomized, double-blind, crossover, 14 weeks during moderate resistance training. | ↑ muscle mass ↓ fat mass and % ↑ strength |
[119] | Healthy overweight men and women (n = 134). | Mixed CLA-TG (n = 44) or CLA-FFA (n = 44), 3.4 g/day; placebo (n = 37). | Randomized, double-blind, 12–24 months | ↓ serum cholesterol ↑ serum Lp(a) ↓serum leptin ↓body weight, BMI, fat ↓food intake |
[115] | Healthy overweight men and women (n = 180). | Mixed CLA-TG (n = 60) or CLA-FFA (n = 61), 3.4 g/day; placebo (n = 59). | Randomized, double-blind, 12 months | ↓body weight, BMI, fat |
[120] | Healthy men and women (n = 55). | Mixed CLA, 3.2 g/day (n = 20), 6.4 g/day (n = 18); placebo (n = 17). | Randomized, double-blind, 12 weeks | ↑ lean body mass ↑ serum CRP, IL-6 |
[121] | Lean (n = 13) and obese (n = 12) young men (23–38 years). Lean (n = 20) and obese (n = 14) older men, 50–64 years). | Mixed CLA (3 g/day) + PUFA (3 g/day); placebo (3 g palm/soy oil/day). | Randomized, double-blind, crossover, 12 weeks with a 12-week washout. | ↓ fat mass in young/obese group ↑ lean mass in young/obese group ↑ adiponectin in young groups |
[113] | Healthy overweight men and women (n = 52). | Mixed CLA (1.7, 3.4, 5.1, or 6.8 g/day); placebo (9 g olive oil/day). | Randomized, double-blind for 12 weeks | ↓ fat mass (<3.4 g/day) ↑ lean mass (<3.4 g/day) |
[122] | Healthy men and women of stable weight (n = 80). | Mixed CLA (1.7 g/day) or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind for 12 weeks | ↓ body weight, BMI, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, subcutaneous fat |
[123] | Postmenopausal women with T2DM (n = 35). | Mixed CLA (8 g/day), or placebo (safflower oil). | Randomized, double-blind, crossover, 16 weeks with a 4-week washout. | ↓ body weight, BMI, trunk adiposity |
[124] | Healthy weight-stable men and women (n = 64) who regularly exercise. | Mixed CLA (3.9 g/day), or placebo (sunflower oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 12 weeks | No effects on body weight ↓ plasma cholesterol and insulin (women only) |
[125] | Overweight hyperlipidemic males (n = 28). | Mixed CLA (3.5 g/day), 9,11 CLA (3/5 g/day), or placebo (safflower oil). | Randomized, double-blind, crossover, 8 weeks. with a 4-week washout. | No effects on body weight ↓ plasma TNF |
[116] | Healthy, overweight men and women (n = 40). | Mixed CLA (4 g/day) or placebo (safflower oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 6 months. | ↓ body weight, BMI, fat mass ↑ resting metabolic rate and activity level |
[126] | 6–10-year-old children (boys and girls) with a BMI >85th percentile (n = 53). | Mixed CLA (3 g/day) or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, 6 months. | ↓ body fat, BMI ↑ lean body mass ↓ HDL cholesterol |
[127] | Obese women (n = 28). | Mixed CLA (3.2 g/day) or placebo (olive oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 8 weeks with concurrent exercise. | None |
[128] | Moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic men and women (n = 15). | Mixed CLA (1.3 g/day), 9,11 CLA (1.3 g/day), or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, crossover, 8-week treatment period with a 4-week washout. | No effects on body weight or plasma lipids. |
[129] | Moderately obese weight-stable men and women (n = 122). | Mixed CLA (3.4 g/day), or placebo (olive oil). | Randomized, double-blind. Subjects consumed a low-calorie diet for 8 weeks to achieve weight loss, then took CLA or placebo for 52 weeks. | No effects on body weight re-gain with CLA. |
[117] | Men and women with signs of metabolic syndrome (n = 60). | Mixed CLA (3 g/day) or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, 12 weeks. | ↓ body fat |
[130] | Obese men (n = 25). | 9,11 CLA (3 g/day), or placebo (olive oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 12 weeks. | ↑ insulin resistance ↑ fat mass |
[131] | Overweight but weight stable men and women (n = 19). | Mixed CLA (4 g/day) or placebo (safflower oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 6 months. | ↓ body weight ↑ fat oxidation (during sleep) |
[132] | Postmenopausal women (n = 81). | Mixed CLA (5.5 g/day), 9,11 CLA (4.7 g/day), or placebo (olive oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 16 weeks. | ↓ total body fat and lower body fat. |
[133] | Abdominally obese older men (n = 25). | Mixed CLA (4.2 g/day), or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, 4 weeks. | ↓ sagittal abdominal diameter |
[134] | Men with signs of metabolic syndrome (n = 60). | 10,12 CLA (3.4 g/day), or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, 12 weeks. | ↑ insulin resistance and glycemia ↓ HDL cholesterol |
[135] | Overweight men and women (n = 54). | Mixed CLA (either 1.8 or 3.6 g/day), or placebo (oleic acid). | Randomized, double-blind for 13 weeks. Subjects consumed a very-low-calorie diet for 3 weeks leading up to study. | No effect of CLA on body weight regain vs. placebo. ↓ appetite ↑ satiety |
[136] | Overweight and obese men (n = 16). | CLA-enriched butter (2% total fat), control butter (0.1% CLA). Test butters were ~24% total calories consumed. | Randomized, double-blind, crossover, 4-week treatment period with a 8-week washout. | No difference in abdominal adipose tissue. |
[137] | Healthy men and women (n = 40). | Mixed CLA (4.5 g/day), or placebo (olive oil). | Randomized, double blind, 12 weeks. | No effect on body weight, BMI, or body fat. ↓ limb skin fold thickness ↓ brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. |
[138] | Women with metabolic syndrome (n = 14). | Microencapsulated mixed CLA (3 g/day), or placebo. | Randomized, 90 days, in conjunction with a low-calorie diet. | ↓ plasma insulin levels. ↓ body fat mass No effect on plasma lipids. |
[139] | Sedentary males (n = 18). | Mixed CLA (3 g/day) or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, 4 weeks, concurrently with exercise. | No difference in body weight, fat, or BMI. ↓ plasma triglycerides, VLDL, LDL, leptin, and insulin. |
[140] | Overweight and obese women (n = 74). | Mixed CLA (3 g/day) or placebo (sunflower oil). | Randomized, double-blind, 12 weeks. | ↓ hip circumference. No effect on body weight, BMI, or waist circumference. |
[141] | Obese children, ages 8–18 (n = 50). | Mixed CLA (3 g/day), metformin (1 g/day), or placebo. | Randomized, double-blind, 16 weeks. | ↑ insulin sensitivity. |