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Nutrients
Volume 11
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10.3390/nu11112773
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Article

Attenuation of Inflammation and Leptin Resistance by Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on in the Brain of Obese Animal Models

by
Myeongjoo Son
1,2,†,
Seyeon Oh
2,†,
Junwon Choi
1,2,
Ji Tae Jang
3,
Chang Hu Choi
4,
Kook Yang Park
4,
Kuk Hui Son
4,* and
Kyunghee Byun
1,2,*
1
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea
2
Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
3
Aqua Green Technology Co., Ltd., Smart Bldg., Jeju Science Park, Jeju 63309, Korea
4
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112773
Received: 8 October 2019 / Revised: 9 November 2019 / Accepted: 13 November 2019 / Published: 14 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition in Metabolic Dysfunction and Obesity)
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Abstract

Obesity induces inflammation both in the adipose tissue and the brain. Activated macrophage infiltration, polarization of macrophages to a more inflammatory type (M1), and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are related to brain inflammation, which induces leptin resistance in the brain. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), a compound from Ecklonia cava, has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PPB effect M1 polarization and inflammation and its ability to restore the effects of leptin, such as a decrease in appetite and body weight. We administered PPB to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice, evaluated macrophage activation, polarization, and changes of inflammatory cytokine level in adipose tissue and brain, and determined the effect of PPB on leptin resistance or leptin sensitivity in the brain. The levels of activated macrophage marker, M1/M2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in the adipose tissue and brain of DIO and ob/ob mice than control. TLR4 expression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and NF-κB expression in the brain of DIO and ob/ob mice were also increased; this increase was related to the upregulation of SOCS3 and decreased phosphorylated STAT3, which decreased leptin sensitivity in the brain. PPB decreased inflammation in the brain, restored leptin sensitivity, and decreased food intake and weight gain in both DIO and ob/ob mice. View Full-Text
Keywords: Ecklonia cava; phlorotannins; pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol; obese; leptin resistance Ecklonia cava; phlorotannins; pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol; obese; leptin resistance
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MDPI and ACS Style

Son, M.; Oh, S.; Choi, J.; Jang, J.T.; Choi, C.H.; Park, K.Y.; Son, K.H.; Byun, K. Attenuation of Inflammation and Leptin Resistance by Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on in the Brain of Obese Animal Models. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112773

AMA Style

Son M, Oh S, Choi J, Jang JT, Choi CH, Park KY, Son KH, Byun K. Attenuation of Inflammation and Leptin Resistance by Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on in the Brain of Obese Animal Models. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112773

Chicago/Turabian Style

Son, Myeongjoo, Seyeon Oh, Junwon Choi, Ji T. Jang, Chang H. Choi, Kook Y. Park, Kuk H. Son, and Kyunghee Byun. 2019. "Attenuation of Inflammation and Leptin Resistance by Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on in the Brain of Obese Animal Models" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2773. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112773

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