Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Micronutrient Deficiencies and Celiac Disease
2.1. Iron Deficiency
2.2. Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficiency
2.3. Copper and Zinc Deficiency
3. Aplastic Anemia and Celiac Disease
4. Anemia of Chronic Disease
5. Refractory Anemia to the Gluten-Free Diet
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cause | Incidence |
---|---|
Iron deficiency | 12–69% (adults) 10–20% (children) |
Folic acid deficiency | 20–30% |
Vitamin B12 deficiency | 8–41% |
Copper deficiency | Very low |
Zinc deficiency | Very low * |
Bad response to the gluten-free diet | 23% |
Medullary aplasia | Very low (12 cases) |
Chronic disease | 4–17% |
Study Reported | Grey-Davies [51] | Salmeron [53] | Maheswari [52] | Basu [54] | Badyal [55] | Omar [50] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Anemia diagnosis | Bone marrow biopsy | Bone marrow biopsy | Bone marrow biopsy | Bone marrow biopsy | Bone marrow biopsy | Bone marrow biopsy |
Age (years) | 23, 37, 43 | Not reported | 13 | 40 | 9 | 6 |
Intestinal biopsy | Villus atrophy | Villus atrophy | Villus atrophy | Villus atrophy | Not available | Villus atrophy |
Treatment | GFD, corticotherapy, antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine | GFD, antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine. hematopoietic cell transplantation | GFD | GFD, corticotherapy, cyclosporine | GFD, corticotherapy, antithymocyte globulin | GFD |
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Martín-Masot, R.; Nestares, M.T.; Diaz-Castro, J.; López-Aliaga, I.; Alférez, M.J.M.; Moreno-Fernandez, J.; Maldonado, J. Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112557
Martín-Masot R, Nestares MT, Diaz-Castro J, López-Aliaga I, Alférez MJM, Moreno-Fernandez J, Maldonado J. Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112557
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Masot, Rafael, Maria Teresa Nestares, Javier Diaz-Castro, Inmaculada López-Aliaga, Maria Jose Muñoz Alférez, Jorge Moreno-Fernandez, and José Maldonado. 2019. "Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112557
APA StyleMartín-Masot, R., Nestares, M. T., Diaz-Castro, J., López-Aliaga, I., Alférez, M. J. M., Moreno-Fernandez, J., & Maldonado, J. (2019). Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 11(11), 2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112557