Micronutrient Inadequacy in Short Sleep: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Database and Sample
2.2. Sleep Variable—Short Sleep
2.3. Usual Nutrient Intakes
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Demographics of the Participants
3.2. Micronutrient Usual Intake (UI) (Food Only and Food + Spp) and Inadequacy (% Below EAR) With and Without Short Sleep in All Adults Aged 19+ years
3.3. Micronutrient Usual Intake (UI) (Food Only and Food + Spp) and Inadequacy (% Below EAR) With and Without Short Sleep in Females Aged 19+ years
3.4. Micronutrient Usual Intake (UI) (Food Only and Food + Spp) and Inadequacy (% Below EAR) With and Without Short Sleep Duration in Males Aged 19+ years
4. Discussion
4.1. Vitamin D
4.2. Magnesium
4.3. Vitamins C and E
4.4. Vitamin A
4.5. Calcium
4.6. Other Micronutrients
4.7. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | n | mean ± SE | n | mean ± SE | n | mean ± SE |
Age (years) | 26,287 | 47.12 ± 0.29 * | 13,047 | 46.04 ± 0.32 | 13,240 | 48.17 ± 0.31 |
Female (%) | 26,287 | 50.87 ± 0.36 * | 13,047 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 13,240 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Mexican American (%) | 26,287 | 8.64 ± 0.85 | 13,047 | 9.32 ± 0.90 | 13,240 | 7.99 ± 0.82 |
Other Hispanic (%) | 26,287 | 5.61 ± 0.54 * | 13,047 | 5.48 ± 0.52 | 13,240 | 5.75 ± 0.57 |
Non-Hispanic White (%) | 26,287 | 66.93 ± 1.58 * | 13,047 | 67.07 ± 1.58 * | 13,240 | 66.80 ± 1.65 * |
Non-Hispanic Black (%) | 26,287 | 11.41 ± 0.85 * | 13,047 | 10.64 ± 0.77 * | 13,240 | 12.16 ± 0.94 * |
Other (%) | 26,287 | 7.40 ± 0.47 | 13,047 | 7.50 ± 0.51 | 13,240 | 7.30 ± 0.49 |
Poverty-Income Ratio (PIR) | ||||||
≤1.35 (%) | 24,028 | 24.28 ± 0.90 * | 11,937 | 22.26 ± 0.94 | 12,091 | 26.24 ± 0.94 * |
1.35> to <1.85 (%) | 24,028 | 10.15 ± 0.36 | 11,937 | 9.85 ± 0.47 | 12,091 | 10.45 ± 0.35 |
≥1.85 (%) | 24,028 | 65.56 ± 1.09 * | 11,937 | 67.89 ± 1.18 | 12,091 | 63.32 ± 1.09 * |
Education Level | ||||||
<High School Graduate (%) | 26,186 | 16.73 ± 0.69 | 12,997 | 17.13 ± 0.78 | 13,189 | 16.34 ± 0.72 * |
High School Graduate (%) | 26,186 | 22.61 ± 0.60 * | 12,997 | 23.42 ± 0.77 * | 13,189 | 21.83 ± 0.65 |
>High School Graduate (%) | 26,186 | 60.66 ± 1.05 * | 12,997 | 59.45 ± 1.19 * | 13,189 | 61.83 ± 1.07 * |
Body Mass Index | 25,929 | 28.89 ± 0.09 * | 12,870 | 28.67 ± 0.10 | 13,059 | 29.10 ± 0.10 * |
Smoking Current (%) | 26,150 | 19.76 ± 0.60 * | 12,975 | 23.01 ± 0.77 * | 13,175 | 16.62 ± 0.60 * |
Alcohol (drinks) | 26,287 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 13,047 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 13,240 | 0.47 ± 0.02 |
Sleep Hours | 26,211 | 7.08 ± 0.02 * | 13,006 | 7.01 ± 0.02 * | 13,205 | 7.14 ± 0.02 * |
Short Sleep (%) | 26,211 | 32.72 ± 0.53 | 13,006 | 34.42 ± 0.72 | 13,205 | 31.08 ± 0.66 |
Usual Intake (Units) | EAR (% Below) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Only | Food + Supplement | Food Only | Food + Supplement | |||||
Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | |
Calcium (mg) | 953.08 ± 8.87 | 983.88 ± 7.41 * | 1099.47 ± 11.16 | 1166.67 ± 10.74 *# | 44.43 ± 0.96 | 42.10 ± 0.88 | 33.92 ± 0.89 | 29.59 ± 0.74 * |
Copper (mg) | 1.26 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.01 * | 1.58 ± 0.02 | 1.68 ± 0.01 * | 7.43 ± 0.47 | 5.23 ± 0.34 * | 5.81 ± 0.39 | 3.82 ± 0.35 * |
Folate, DFE (mcg) | 528.30 ± 5.59 | 548.50 ± 4.05 * | 726.19 ± 8.14 | 784.66 ± 9.44 * | 14.1 ± 0.77 | 11.03 ± 0.58 * | 10.19 ± 0.65 | 7.01 ± 0.52 * |
Iron (mg) | 14.80 ± 0.14 | 15.12 ± 0.07 | 17.88 ± 0.19 | 18.74 ± 0.19 * | 5.93 ± 0.34 | 4.86 ± 0.20 * | 4.65 ± 0.26 | 3.52 ± 0.20 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 296.41 ± 2.80 | 309.93 ± 2.07 * | 321.31 ± 3.66 | 343.68 ± 4.65 *# | 58.56 ± 1.12 | 50.91 ± 0.86 * | 50.74 ± 1.08 | 42.61 ± 0.92 * |
Niacin (mg) | 26.19 ± 0.26 | 25.95 ± 0.15 | 34.36 ± 0.60 | 37.92 ± 0.84 * | 1.56 ± 0.21 | 1.37 ± 0.15 | 1.06 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.11 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1374.93 ± 11.21 | 1400.31 ± 6.37 | 1384.72 ± 10.44 | 1414.23 ± 7.23 | 1.00 ± 0.15 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.62 ± 0.09 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.14 ± 0.02 | 2.19 ± 0.01 | 4.40 ± 0.17 | 4.86 ± 0.24 | 3.41 ± 0.24 | 2.59 ± 0.18 * | 2.77 ± 0.25 | 1.98 ± 0.16 * |
Selenium (mcg) | 113.60 ± 1.18 | 114.71 ± 0.63 | 127.09 ± 1.19 | 131.06 ± 1.03 | 0.65 ± 0.09 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.34 ± 0.07 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.60 ± 0.01 | 1.65 ± 0.01 * | 5.00 ± 0.36 | 6.19 ± 0.53 | 7.72 ± 0.59 | 5.89 ± 0.42 | 5.78 ± 0.44 | 3.89 ± 0.32 * |
Vitamin A (mcg)1 | 604.08 ± 9.89 | 655.41 ± 7.27 * | 919.60 ± 14.34 | 1009.93 ± 19.09 * | 50.87 ± 1.46 | 42.48 ± 0.99 * | 39.00 ± 1.01 | 31.91 ± 0.98 * |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 5.19 ± 0.08 | 5.20 ± 0.05 | 58.32 ± 5.54 | 55.66 ± 3.63 | 4.36 ± 0.44 | 3.76 ± 0.31 | 3.02 ± 0.30 | 2.32 ± 0.17 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.10 ± 0.03 | 2.13 ± 0.02 | 5.28 ± 0.25 | 5.46 ± 0.18 | 11.92 ± 0.84 | 10.53 ± 0.57 | 8.54 ± 0.65 | 6.65 ± 0.38 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 77.73 ± 1.51 | 85.61 ± 1.21 * | 155.93 ± 5.59 | 175.81 ± 4.28 * | 50.68 ± 1.20 | 43.51 ± 1.00 * | 37.56 ± 1.00 | 30.16 ± 0.78 * |
Vitamin D (mcg)2 | 4.49 ± 0.07 | 4.81 ± 0.05 * | 12.01 ± 0.39 | 14.93 ± 0.57 *# | 95.70 ± 0.33 | 94.58 ± 0.35 | 68.39 ± 0.72 | 62.58 ± 0.69 * |
Vitamin E (mg)3 | 8.25 ± 0.10 | 8.84 ± 0.09 * | 25.23 ± 1.03 | 29.22 ± 1.38 | 86.04 ± 0.77 | 82.53 ± 0.81 * | 62.35 ± 0.99 | 57.63 ± 0.84 * |
Zinc (mg) | 11.44 ± 0.11 | 11.69 ± 0.07 | 15.47 ± 0.20 | 16.20 ± 0.16 * | 17.48 ± 0.94 | 14.42 ± 0.69 * | 12.98 ± 0.71 | 10.10 ± 0.62 * |
Nutrients with AI, (% Above) | ||||||||
Potassium (mg) | 2651.10 ± 23.93 | 2725.91 ± 14.89 * | 2673.84 ± 23.09 | 2770.77 ± 15.67 * | 2.28 ± 0.27 | 2.52 ± 0.21 | 2.56 ± 0.31 | 2.93 ± 0.26 |
Total choline (mg) | 332.67 ± 2.74 | 337.07 ± 1.93 | 333.58 ± 2.55 | 338.07 ± 2.17 | 6.99 ± 0.56 | 7.79 ± 0.50 | 7.17 ± 0.76 | 8.01 ± 0.58 |
Vitamin K (mcg) | 103.36 ± 2.03 | 114.42 ± 1.87 * | 111.66 ± 3.02 | 119.93 ± 1.75 | 39.39 ± 1.42 | 47.79 ± 1.27 * | 43.63 ± 1.20 | 51.23 ± 1.12 * |
Usual Intake (Units) | EAR (% Below) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Only | Food + Supplement | Food Only | Food + Supplement | |||||
Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | |
Calcium (mg) | 817.64 ± 10.20 | 872.84 ± 8.62 * | 1013.85 ± 15.08 | 1125.50 ± 12.33 *# | 62.27 ± 1.42 | 56.32 ± 1.12 * | 46.02 ± 1.37 | 37.14 ± 0.96 * |
Copper (mg) | 1.08 ± 0.01 | 1.17 ± 0.01 * | 1.42 ± 0.03 | 1.54 ± 0.02 * | 12.19 ± 0.93 | 7.84 ± 0.60 * | 9.92 ± 0.77 | 6.01 ± 0.56 * |
Folate, DFE (mcg) | 441.35 ± 6.17 | 476.66 ± 4.85 * | 672.25 ± 11.01 | 743.91 ± 12.36 * | 22.02 ± 1.43 | 15.88 ± 0.96 * | 15.72 ± 1.06 | 10.01 ± 0.69 * |
Iron (mg) | 12.31 ± 0.14 | 13.04 ± 0.10 * | 16.66 ± 0.34 | 17.84 ± 0.26 * | 11.84 ± 0.66 | 9.09 ± 0.32 * | 9.33 ± 0.53 | 6.65 ± 0.36 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 252.32 ± 2.87 | 272.93 ± 2.18 * | 279.89 ± 11.94 | 309.88 ± 6.08 | 59.58 ± 1.48 | 49.4 ± 1.08 * | 51.2 ± 1.41 | 40.48 ± 1.03 * |
Niacin (mg) | 20.53 ± 0.23 | 21.13 ± 0.14 | 29.00 ± 0.88 | 31.94 ± 0.69 * | 2.79 ± 0.42 | 2.22 ± 0.29 | 1.93 ± 0.34 | 1.36 ± 0.21 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1129.11 ± 9.95 | 1192.61 ± 8.95 * | 1136.63 ± 9.44 | 1201.59 ± 8.85 *# | 1.79 ± 0.31 | 1.05 ± 0.19 | 1.72 ± 0.28 | 1.00 ± 0.16 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.76 ± 0.02 | 1.88 ± 0.02 * | 4.32 ± 0.27 | 4.82 ± 0.35 | 4.08 ± 0.40 | 2.58 ± 0.28 * | 3.22 ± 0.35 | 1.96 ± 0.22 * |
Selenium (mcg) | 91.24 ± 0.90 | 95.51 ± 0.56 * | 102.84 ± 5.06 | 109.38 ± 3.79 | 1.24 ± 0.17 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 1.01 ± 0.22 | 0.60 ± 0.14 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 1.40 ± 0.01 * | 5.08 ± 0.49 | 5.87 ± 0.53 | 12.09 ± 1.06 | 8.28 ± 0.72 * | 8.97 ± 0.76 | 5.36 ± 0.56 * |
Vitamin A (mcg) 1 | 544.15 ± 13.78 | 617.15 ± 8.16 * | 893.63 ± 19.99 | 999.71 ± 22.81 * | 49.3 ± 2.24 | 37.90 ± 1.18 * | 36.84 ± 1.58 | 27.41 ± 1.09 * |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 4.07 ± 0.08 | 4.28 ± 0.05 | 70.47 ± 9.62 | 68.85 ± 4.18 | 7.65 ± 0.90 | 5.96 ± 0.62 | 5.27 ± 0.62 | 3.70 ± 0.37 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.66 ± 0.02 | 1.76 ± 0.02 * | 5.30 ± 0.41 | 5.41 ± 0.25 | 19.4 ± 1.28 | 15.35 ± 0.92 | 13.75 ± 1.13 | 9.86 ± 0.68 * |
Vitamin C (mg) | 70.27 ± 1.73 | 79.53 ± 1.77 * | 157.58 ± 11.91 | 173.88 ± 7.1 | 48.81 ± 1.44 | 40.35 ± 1.26 * | 34.85 ± 1.14 | 26.77 ± 0.94 * |
Vitamin D (mcg) 2 | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 4.18 ± 0.06 * | 13.47 ± 0.55 | 17.07 ± 0.95 * | 98.52 ± 0.23 | 97.75 ± 0.25 | 66.18 ± 0.97 | 59.51 ± 0.87 * |
Vitamin E (mg) 3 | 7.06 ± 0.10 | 7.98 ± 0.11 * | 28.02 ± 1.58 | 30.27 ± 1.38 | 93.88 ± 0.67 | 89.17 ± 0.95 * | 64.63 ± 1.1 | 59.60 ± 1.03 * |
Zinc (mg) | 9.19 ± 0.12 | 9.74 ± 0.08 * | 13.52 ± 0.22 | 14.53 ± 0.15 * | 19.43 ± 1.32 | 14.40 ± 0.83 * | 14.27 ± 1.03 | 9.83 ± 0.62 * |
Nutrients with AI, (% Above) | ||||||||
Potassium (mg) | 2241.94 ± 25.24 | 2384.35 ± 17.43 * | 2256.44 ± 21.03 | 2415.34 ± 15.83 * | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.04 |
Total choline (mg) | 263.95 ± 2.51 | 277.38 ± 2.26 * | 264.39 ± 2.23 | 275.29 ± 2.37 * | 2.69 ± 0.40 | 4.09 ± 0.52 | 2.66 ± 0.48 | 3.80 ± 0.61 |
Vitamin K (mcg) | 99.90 ± 2.62 | 113.42 ± 2.35 * | 110.95 ± 5.91 | 118.93 ± 2.05 | 47.25 ± 1.82 | 56.56 ± 1.50 * | 51.20 ± 1.52 | 59.88 ± 1.25 * |
Usual Intake (Units) | EAR (% Below) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Only | Food + Supplement | Food Only | Food + Supplement | |||||
Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | Short Sleep (Y) | Short Sleep (N) | |
Calcium (mg) | 1079.42 ± 10.93 | 1105.26 ± 9.76 | 1183.04 ± 13.18 | 1211.53 ± 13.02 | 27.64 ± 0.91 | 26.62 ± 0.91 | 22.07 ± 0.86 | 21.38 ± 0.82 |
Copper (mg) | 1.42 ± 0.02 | 1.47 ± 0.01 | 1.72 ± 0.02 | 1.82 ± 0.02 * | 2.99 ± 0.32 | 2.51 ± 0.26 | 2.02 ± 0.26 | 1.53 ± 0.22 |
Folate, DFE (mcg) | 610.05 ± 7.75 | 626.44 ± 5.52 | 777.89 ± 11.55 | 828.41 ± 9.68 * | 6.68 ± 0.55 | 5.79 ± 0.50 | 4.76 ± 0.52 | 3.85 ± 0.42 |
Iron (mg) | 17.13 ± 0.18 | 17.38 ± 0.12 | 19.06 ± 0.30 | 19.73 ± 0.24 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.13 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.03 |
Magnesium (mg) | 337.99 ± 3.73 | 350.13 ± 2.72 * | 361.63 ± 8.42 | 380.22 ± 12.07 | 57.27 ± 1.31 | 52.61 ± 0.94 * | 50.2 ± 1.32 | 44.89 ± 0.99 * |
Niacin (mg) | 31.52 ± 0.38 | 31.21 ± 0.25 | 39.53 ± 0.64 | 44.37 ± 1.51 * | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.08 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.05 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1604.52 ± 15.40 | 1627.01 ± 8.67 | 1626.43 ± 13.28 | 1644.8 ± 9.79 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.03 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.50 ± 0.03 | 2.53 ± 0.02 | 4.46 ± 0.21 | 4.92 ± 0.24 | 2.80 ± 0.29 | 2.59 ± 0.23 | 2.22 ± 0.24 | 2.05 ± 0.21 |
Selenium (mcg) | 134.59 ± 1.70 | 135.59 ± 1.03 | 150.71 ± 4.58 | 154.45 ± 5.23 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.87 ± 0.02 | 1.91 ± 0.01 | 4.93 ± 0.49 | 6.55 ± 0.94 | 3.76 ± 0.37 | 3.22 ± 0.34 | 2.81 ± 0.31 | 2.32 ± 0.29 |
Vitamin A (mcg) 1 | 659.82 ± 13.35 | 696.2 ± 11.04 | 944.66 ± 20.29 | 1021.05 ± 23.44 | 52.34 ± 1.43 | 47.62 ± 1.11 * | 41.14 ± 1.28 | 36.79 ± 1.22 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 6.24 ± 0.14 | 6.20 ± 0.09 | 46.55 ± 5.16 | 41.44 ± 5.77 | 1.33 ± 0.30 | 1.38 ± 0.24 | 0.87 ± 0.24 | 0.83 ± 0.20 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.51 ± 0.04 | 2.53 ± 0.02 | 5.27 ± 0.29 | 5.52 ± 0.21 | 5.04 ± 0.59 | 5.19 ± 0.55 | 3.50 ± 0.42 | 3.25 ± 0.31 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 84.85 ± 2.52 | 92.29 ± 1.54 | 154.11 ± 11.53 | 177.78 ± 5.19 | 52.28 ± 1.81 | 46.86 ± 1.11 | 40.26 ± 1.73 | 33.89 ± 0.90 * |
Vitamin D (mcg) 2 | 5.14 ± 0.10 | 5.51 ± 0.09 * | 10.59 ± 0.51 | 12.63 ± 0.46 * | 93.03 ± 0.56 | 91.12 ± 0.62 | 70.47 ± 0.85 | 65.92 ± 0.96 * |
Vitamin E (mg) 3 | 9.35 ± 0.15 | 9.78 ± 0.11 | 22.54 ± 1.18 | 28.08 ± 2.11 | 78.75 ± 1.29 | 75.27 ± 1.01 | 60.10 ± 1.37 | 55.54 ± 0.98 * |
Zinc (mg) | 13.57 ± 0.16 | 13.81 ± 0.13 | 17.34 ± 0.35 | 17.99 ± 0.27 | 15.60 ± 1.08 | 14.40 ± 1.01 | 11.79 ± 0.77 | 10.44 ± 0.89 |
Nutrients with AI, (% Above) | ||||||||
Potassium (mg) | 3033.55 ± 34.93 | 3097.19 ± 19.03 | 3078.15 ± 36.37 | 3151.68 ± 22.65 | 4.35 ± 0.50 | 5.06 ± 0.43 | 4.95 ± 0.60 | 5.84 ± 0.55 |
Total choline (mg) | 396.75 ± 4.20 | 401.98 ± 2.88 | 400.27 ± 3.73 | 405.75 ± 3.00 | 10.98 ± 0.94 | 11.86 ± 0.76 | 11.50 ± 1.18 | 12.54 ± 0.95 |
Vitamin K (mcg) | 106.78 ± 2.17 | 115.66 ± 2.08 * | 112.36 ± 2.29 | 120.76 ± 2.28 * | 32.17 ± 1.50 | 38.27 ± 1.37 * | 36.25 ± 1.65 | 41.77 ± 1.36 * |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Ikonte, C.J.; Mun, J.G.; Reider, C.A.; Grant, R.W.; Mitmesser, S.H. Micronutrient Inadequacy in Short Sleep: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102335
Ikonte CJ, Mun JG, Reider CA, Grant RW, Mitmesser SH. Micronutrient Inadequacy in Short Sleep: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10):2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102335
Chicago/Turabian StyleIkonte, Chioma J., Jonathan G. Mun, Carroll A. Reider, Ryan W. Grant, and Susan Hazels Mitmesser. 2019. "Micronutrient Inadequacy in Short Sleep: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016" Nutrients 11, no. 10: 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102335