The Pattern of Complementary Foods in American Infants and Children Aged 0–5 Years Old—A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the NHANES 2011–2014
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Estimation of Intake
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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0–11 Months | 12–23 Months | 2–3 Years | 4–5 Years | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All | 526 | 394 | 836 | 675 |
Non-Hispanic White | 145 | 91 | 197 | 133 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 122 | 85 | 210 | 156 |
Hispanic | 158 | 131 | 244 | 223 |
Asian | 25 | 33 | 78 | 72 |
0–11 Months (Mean ± SE) | 12–23 Months (Mean ± SE) | 2–3 Years (Mean ± SE) | 4–5 Years (Mean ± SE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dairy 1 (cups eq.) | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 2.4 ± 0.10 | 2.2 ± 0.08 | 2.0 ± 0.09 |
Mixed dishes | 0.02 ± 0.005 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 |
Total Protein 2 (oz. eq.) | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 2.0 ± 0.11 | 2.7 ± 0.11 | 3.0 ± 0.18 |
Mixed dishes | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.81 ± 0.08 |
Total Grains 3 (oz. eq.) | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 3.1 ± 0.13 | 4.5 ± 0.14 | 5.5 ± 0.15 |
Mixed dishes | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.10 | 1.3 ± 0.09 | 1.7 ± 0.09 |
Total Fruit 4 (cups eq.) | 0.34 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.06 | 1.4 ± 0.07 | 1.2 ± 0.07 |
Mixed dishes | 0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.001 ± 0.0004 | 0.001 ± 0.001 |
Total Vegetables 5 (cups eq.) | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.05 |
Mixed dishes | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.02 |
Solid Fats 6 (g) | 1.1 ± 0.15 | 8.3 ± 0.89 | 13.0 ± 0.77 | 17.0 ± 0.68 |
Mixed dishes | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 4.4 ± 0.52 | 6.5 ± 0.49 | 7.8 ± 0.47 |
Oils 7 (g) | 0.74 ± 0.15 | 4.5 ± 0.28 | 7.0 ± 0.33 | 8.9 ± 0.50 |
Mixed dishes | 0.43 ± 0.08 | 1.8 ± 0.17 | 2.1 ± 0.13 | 2.8 ± 0.20 |
Added Sugars 8 (tsp eq.) | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 2.6 ± 0.35 | 4.3 ± 0.24 | 6.2 ± 0.30 |
Mixed dishes | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.05 |
0–11 Months LSM ± SE | 12–23 Months LSM ± SE | 2–3 Years LSM ± SE | 4–5 Years LSM ± SE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total dairy 1 (cup eq.) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.38 ± 0.05 a | 2.6 ± 0.21 b | 2.2 ± 0.14 b | 2.1 ± 0.19 b |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.22 ± 0.06 ab | 1.8 ± 0.16 a | 1.6 ± 0.14 a | 1.5 ± 0.11 a |
Hispanic | 0.16 ± 0.05 b | 2.5 ± 0.11 b | 2.4 ± 0.13 b | 2.2 ± 0.12 b |
Asian | 0.15 ± 0.10 b | 2.3 ± 0.32 ab | 2.4 ± 0.32 b | 2.1 ± 0.21 b |
Total Protein 2 (oz. eq.) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.45 ± 0.06 a | 2.0 ± 0.20 | 2.5 ± 0.16 a | 2.8 ± 0.29 a |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.44 ± 0.14 ab | 2.0 ± 0.28 | 3.3 ± 0.27 bc | 3.9 ± 0.32 b |
Hispanic | 0.21 ± 0.04 b | 2.0 ± 0.13 | 2.6 ± 0.14 a | 2.8 ± 0.19 a |
Asian | 0.38 ± 0.17 ab | 1.5 ± 0.27 | 2.7 ± 0.49 ac | 2.5 ± 0.29 a |
Total grain 3 (oz. eq.) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.85 ± 0.10 | 3.2 ± 0.19 | 4.2 ± 0.14 | 5.3 ± 0.26 |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 3.3 ± 0.17 | 4.6 ± 0.22 | 5.5 ± 0.30 |
Hispanic | 0.95 ± 0.11 | 2.9 ± 0.26 | 4.7 ± 0.28 | 5.6 ± 0.23 |
Asian | 0.68 ± 0.20 | 3.3 ± 0.41 | 5.1 ± 0.54 | 4.8 ± 0.49 |
Total fruits 4 (cup eq.) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.38 ± 0.04 a | 1.2 ± 0.13 | 1.4 ± 0.12 | 1.7 ± 0.10 a |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.25 ± 0.04 bc | 1.4 ± 0.15 | 1.4 ± 0.14 | 1.7 ± 0.13 ac |
Hispanic | 0.34 ± 0.05 ab | 1.2 ± 0.09 | 1.3 ± 0.11 | 1.3 ± 0.10 a |
Asian | 0.17 ± 0.06 c | 1.0 ± 0.17 | 1.4 ± 0.19 | 0.85 ± 0.14 bc |
Total vegetables 5 (cup eq.) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.08 |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.76 ± 0.07 |
Hispanic | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.64 ± 0.06 | 0.64 ± 0.05 |
Asian | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.56 ± 0.12 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.08 |
Solid fats 6 (g) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1.2 ± 0.26 | 8.7 ± 1.51 | 12.4 ± 1.3 | 17.8 ± 0.9 |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.96 ± 0.19 | 8.8 ± 1.31 | 14.5 ± 0.9 | 17.4 ± 1.5 |
Hispanic | 0.88 ± 0.17 | 7.7 ± 1.10 | 14.4 ± 0.8 | 17.4 ± 1.1 |
Asian | 1.2 ± 0.82 | 5.1 ± 1.33 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 15.4 ± 2.6 |
Oils 7 (g) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.82 ± 0.26 | 4.2 ± 0.43 | 6.1 ± 0.37 a | 8.3 ± 0.79 ab |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.60 ± 0.21 | 6.0 ± 0.93 | 8.3 ± 0.67 bc | 11 ± 1.1 b |
Hispanic | 0.85 ± 0.16 | 4.6 ± 0.50 | 7.9 ± 0.75 bc | 8.1 ± 0.68 a |
Asian | 0.91 ± 0.47 | 4.0 ± 0.90 | 7.7 ± 1.51 ac | 8.6 ± 1.09 ab |
Added sugars 8 (tsp eq.) | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 0.31 ± 0.08 ab | 2.8 ± 0.77 | 4.5 ± 0.36 | 7.4 ± 0.51 bc |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.27 ± 0.09 ab | 2.1 ± 0.52 | 4.8 ± 0.44 | 6.1 ± 0.43 bc |
Hispanic | 0.50 ± 0.16 a | 2.4 ± 0.34 | 4.1 ± 0.33 | 4.5 ± 0.26 a |
Asian | 0.07 ± 0.11 b | 1.5 ± 0.60 | 4.1 ± 0.56 | 7.0 ± 2.27 ac |
12–23 Months * Mean ± SE | 2–3 Years ** Mean ± SE | 4–5 Years ** Mean ± SE | |
---|---|---|---|
Total dairy 1 Recommended, (cup eq.) | 1.57 | 2 | 2.5 |
All (%) | 18.8 ± 2.9 x | 44.3 ± 2.7 y | 71.9 ± 3.6 z |
Hispanic | 13 ± 3.2 a | 34.2 ± 4.4 a | 63.5 ± 4.9 a |
Non-Hispanic white | 15.9 ± 5.3 a | 39.4 ± 4.3 a | 69.7 ± 6.9 ab |
Non-Hispanic black | 36.9 ± 5.5 b | 70.4 ± 4.5 b | 83.7 ± 3.1 b |
Asian | 20.3 ± 7.7 ab | 49.5 ± 7.2 a | 80.7 ± 5.0 b |
Total Protein 2 Recommended, (oz. eq.) | 2.1 | 2 | 4 |
All (%) | 73.1 ± 3.6 x | 41.3 ±3.5 y | 93.9 ± 2.2 z |
Hispanic | 70.3 ± 6.6 a | 31.8 ± 9.2 a | 91.2 ± 3.1 ab |
Non-Hispanic white | 80.1 ± 6.0 a | 53.5 ± 5.6 b | 97.1 ± 2.5 a |
Non-Hispanic black | 54.2 ± 9.3 b | 16.3 ± 5.1 a | 79.5 ± 5.5 b |
Asian | 76.3 ± 10.2 ab | 40.8 ± 15.6 ab | 98.4 ± 2.9 a |
Total grain 3 Recommended, (oz. eq.) | 1.57 | 3 | 5 |
All (%) | 3.5 ± 1.2 x | 11.2 ± 2.4 y | 38.3 ± 2.7 z |
Hispanic | 8.8 ± 2.8 a | 17.0 ± 3.3 a | 40.9 ± 3.8 |
Non-Hispanic white | 2.3 ± 1.4 b | 10.3 ± 3.1 a | 39.8 ± 4.8 |
Non-Hispanic black | 3.0 ± 1.6 ab | 14.7 ± 4.1 a | 39.3 ± 5.7 |
Asian | 0.02 ± 0.5 b | 0.01 ± 2.1 b | 8.9 ± 21.3 |
Total fruits 4 Recommended, (cup eq.) | 0.5 | 1 | 1 |
All (%) | 6.1 ± 1.3 x | 34.1 ± 3.4 y | 38.3 ± 3.0 y |
Hispanic | 5.4 ± 2.0 | 34.0 ± 4.7 | 33.1 ± 5.3 |
Non-Hispanic white | 6.7 ± 2.6 | 35.3 ± 6.2 | 39.8± 5.3 |
Non-Hispanic black | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 33.3 ± 6.0 | 41.9 ± 5.7 |
Asian | 11.3 ± 5.7 | 27.2 ± 7.9 | 39.7 ± 12.1 |
Total vegetables 5 Recommended, (cup eq.) | 0.45 | 1 | 1.5 |
All (%) | 45.4 ± 6.6 x | 89.6 ± 1.8 y | 98.1 ± 1.1 z |
Hispanic | 39.0 ± 7.6 | 79.1 ± 4.7 a | 98.1 ± 1.0 |
Non-Hispanic white | 48.5 ± 12.5 | 92.8 ± 3.9 b | 98.6 ± 1.9 |
Non-Hispanic black | 42.5 ± 12.3 | 90.5 ± 3.6 ab | 98.3 ± 1.3 |
Asian | 45.6 ± 10.9 | 89.2 ± 4.2 ab | 97.0 ± 1.9 |
Oils 6 Recommended, (tsp) | - | 4 | 4 |
All (%) | - | 81.2 ± 2.7 x | 66.5 ± 4.2 y |
Hispanic | - | 82.5 ± 4.4 a | 79.6 ± 5.0 a |
Non-Hispanic white | - | 85.0 ± 3.8 a | 68.0 ± 6.3 a |
Non-Hispanic black | - | 65.7 ± 6.4 b | 43.2 ± 6.7 b |
Asian | - | 79.0 ± 8.1 ab | 65.2 ± 9.7 ab |
0–11 Months (Mean ± SE) | 12–23 Months (Mean ± SE) | 2–3 Years (Mean ± SE) | 4–5 Years (Mean ± SE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | ||||
All | 805 ± 16 w | 1253 ± 31 x | 1461 ± 19 y | 1599 ± 31 z |
Hispanic | 800 ± 18 | 1238 ± 29 a | 1503 ± 44 | 1587 ± 42 |
Non-Hispanic white | 803 ± 21 | 1251 ± 48 ab | 1431 ± 31 | 1599 ± 45 |
Non-Hispanic black | 815 ± 44 | 1342 ± 38 b | 1499 ± 48 | 1687 ± 60 |
Asian | 803 ± 45 | 1179 ± 74 ab | 1470 ± 57 | 1538 ± 43 |
Carbohydrate (g) | ||||
All | 102 ± 3 w | 164 ± 4 x | 199 ± 4 y | 220 ± 4 z |
Hispanic | 102 ± 3 | 161 ± 5 a | 201 ± 6 | 216 ± 6 |
Non-Hispanic white | 103 ± 4 | 162 ± 7 a | 195 ± 6 | 221 ± 5 |
Non-Hispanic black | 102 ± 7 | 181 ± 6 b | 203 ± 6 | 228 ± 7 |
Asian | 102 ± 7 | 155 ± 12 ab | 203 ± 9 | 211 ± 8 |
Protein (g) | ||||
All | 20.4 ± 0.6 w | 47.2 ± 1.1 x | 52.9 ± 0.8 y | 55.8 ± 1.4 y |
Hispanic | 20.2 ± 0.8 | 47.7 ± 1.1 | 56.1 ± 1.6 a | 58.0 ± 1.7 |
Non-Hispanic white | 20.4 ± 0.8 | 46.6 ± 1.9 | 51.7 ± 1.0 b | 54.9 ± 1.9 |
Non-Hispanic black | 19.8 ± 1.4 | 46.7 ± 1.4 | 51.4 ± 1.8 b | 56.6 ± 2.4 |
Asian | 20.2 ± 1.5 | 47.1 ± 3.1 | 53.9 ± 2.8 ab | 54.1 ± 2.1 |
Total fat (g) | ||||
All | 36.5 ± 0.7 w | 47.3 ± 1.5 x | 52.6 ± 0.9 y | 57.4 ± 1.6 z |
Hispanic | 35.7 ± 0.9 | 46.2 ± 1.1 | 54.0 ± 2.0 | 56.5 ± 1.8 ab |
Non-Hispanic white | 36.3 ± 0.9 | 48.8 ± 2.7 | 51.8 ± 1.5 | 57.3 ± 2.3 ab |
Non-Hispanic black | 38.4 ± 1.5 | 48.4 ± 2.0 | 55.0 ± 2.4 | 63.1 ± 3.3 a |
Asian | 35.6 ± 1.8 | 42.6 ± 2.6 | 50.7 ± 2.4 | 55.3 ± 2.2 b |
12–23 Months (Mean ± SE) | 2–3 Years (Mean ± SE) | 4–5 Years (Mean ± SE) | |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg), EAR | 500 | 500 | 800 |
All (%) | 2.3 ± 0.75 x | 3.2 ± 0.66 x | 33 ± 3.1 y |
Hispanic | 1.5 ± 0.87 ac | <1 a | 22 ± 5.0 a |
Non-Hispanic white | 1.3 ± 0.88 ac | 2.5 ± 0.85 a | 32 ± 4.6 ac |
Non-Hispanic black | 6.7 ± 2.62 a | 12.0 ± 3.5 b | 49 ± 5.9 b |
Asian | 1.0 ± 1.18 bc | 2.04 ± 1.34 a | 40 ± 6.9 bc |
Iron (mg), EAR | 3.0 | 3.0 | 4.1 |
All (%) | 1.9 ± 0.55 xy | <1 x | 2.3 ± 0.36 y |
Hispanic | 3.5 ± 1.00 a | <1 a | 2.3 ± 0.52 |
Non-Hispanic white | 1.6 ± 0.62 ab | 1.2 ± 0.36 a | 2.6 ± 0.57 |
Non-Hispanic black | <1 ab | <1 ab | 1.5 ± 0.67 |
Asian | <1 b | <1 b | 1.04 ± 0.96 |
Magnesium (mg), EAR | 65 | 65 | 110 |
All (%) | <1 x | <1 x | 1.18 ± 0.44 y |
Hispanic | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Non-Hispanic white | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Non-Hispanic black | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Asian | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Phosphorus (mg), EAR | 380 | 380 | 405 |
All (%) | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Hispanic | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Non-Hispanic white | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Non-Hispanic black | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Asian | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg), EAR | 210 | 210 | 275 |
All (%) | <1 x | <1 x | 3.4 ± 1.09 y |
Hispanic | <1 | <1 | 1.3 ± 0.87 |
Non-Hispanic white | <1 | <1 | 3.0 ± 1.43 |
Non-Hispanic black | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 4.52 |
Asian | <1 | <1 | 7.5 ± 3.76 |
Vitamin C (mg), EAR | 13 | 13 | 22 |
All (%) | <1 x | <1 x | 2.2 ± 0.70 y |
Hispanic | <1 | <1 | 0.71 ± 0.38 |
Non-Hispanic white | <1 | <1 | 3.2 ± 1.7 |
Non-Hispanic black | <1 | <1 | 0.54 ± 0.43 |
Asian | 2.6 ± 1.5 | <1 | 6.5 ± 3.8 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (mcg), EAR | 10 | 10 | 10 |
All (%) | 78 ± 3.4 x | 90 ± 1.7 y | 94 ± 1.6 y |
Hispanic | 74 ± 3.4 a | 84 ± 2.8 a | 90 ± 1.8 a |
Non-Hispanic white | 76 ± 5.3 a | 91 ± 2.4 a | 94 ± 2.9 ac |
Non-Hispanic black | 92 ± 4.3 b | 97 ± 1.7 b | 98 ± 1.0 bc |
Asian | 76 ± 7.9 ab | 91 ± 5.1 ab | 97 ± 2.3 bc |
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol, mg), EAR | 5 | 5 | 6 |
All (%) | 66 ± 4.5 x | 48 ± 3.1 y | 59 ± 3.6 x |
Hispanic | 79 ± 4.2 a | 53 ± 6.1 | 72 ± 4.2 a |
Non-Hispanic white | 61 ± 8.15 bc | 51 ± 5.1 | 59 ± 5.9 ac |
Non-Hispanic black | 55 ± 7.5 b | 46 ± 5.2 | 43 ± 4.7 b |
Asian | 81 ± 9.7 ac | 40 ± 8.2 | 52 ± 8.3 bc |
Zinc (mg), EAR | 2.5 | 2.5 | 4.0 |
All (%) | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Hispanic | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Non-Hispanic white | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Non-Hispanic black | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Asian | <1 | <1 | <1 |
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Demmer, E.; Cifelli, C.J.; Houchins, J.A.; Fulgoni, V.L., III. The Pattern of Complementary Foods in American Infants and Children Aged 0–5 Years Old—A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the NHANES 2011–2014. Nutrients 2018, 10, 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070827
Demmer E, Cifelli CJ, Houchins JA, Fulgoni VL III. The Pattern of Complementary Foods in American Infants and Children Aged 0–5 Years Old—A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the NHANES 2011–2014. Nutrients. 2018; 10(7):827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070827
Chicago/Turabian StyleDemmer, Elieke, Christopher J. Cifelli, Jenny A. Houchins, and Victor L. Fulgoni, III. 2018. "The Pattern of Complementary Foods in American Infants and Children Aged 0–5 Years Old—A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the NHANES 2011–2014" Nutrients 10, no. 7: 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070827
APA StyleDemmer, E., Cifelli, C. J., Houchins, J. A., & Fulgoni, V. L., III. (2018). The Pattern of Complementary Foods in American Infants and Children Aged 0–5 Years Old—A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the NHANES 2011–2014. Nutrients, 10(7), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070827