Assessment of Nutrient and Food Group Intakes across Sex, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index in an Urban Brazilian Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Design
2.2. Sociodemographic Variables and Anthropometric Data
2.3. Dietary Intake
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Usual Dietary Intake
3.1.1. Macronutrients
3.1.2. Micronutrients
3.2. Usual Dietary Intake According to BMI and Physical Activity
3.3. Food Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 216 | 43 |
Female | 290 | 57 |
Age (years) | ||
20–30 | 187 | 37 |
31–50 | 175 | 35 |
50+ | 144 | 28 |
Education level | ||
Primary and High School | 66 | 13 |
Bachelor or equivalent level | 245 | 48 |
Master, Doctoral, or equivalent level | 195 | 39 |
Socioeconomic level 1 | ||
High | 111 | 22 |
Medium | 272 | 54 |
Low | 123 | 24 |
Physical Activity 2 | ||
No | 119 | 24 |
Yes | 387 | 76 |
BMI (kg/m²) | ||
<25 | 267 | 53 |
25–29.9 | 166 | 33 |
≥30 | 73 | 14 |
Macronutrients | Mean | SD 3 |
Male | ||
Energy (Kcal) | 2373 | 615.3 |
Protein (%Kcal) | 21 | 41.1 |
Carbohydrate (%Kcal) | 44 | 80 |
Lipids (%Kcal) | 32 | 24.9 |
Female | ||
Energy (Kcal) | 1699 | 335.1 |
Protein (%Kcal) | 18 | 16.3 |
Carbohydrate (%Kcal) | 49 | 52.7 |
Lipids (%Kcal) | 32 | 14.5 |
Age (years) | N | EAR/AI 1 | UL 2 | Mean | SD 3 | P25 | SE 4 | P50 | SE | P75 | SE | PI(%) 5 | Above UL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg) | |||||||||||||
Female | |||||||||||||
50+ | 88 | 1000 | 2000 | 1142.6 | 308.3 | 922.0 | 48.5 | 1111.0 | 43.5 | 1329.0 | 63.9 | 34.9 | 1.0 |
Zinc (mg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
31–50+ | 140 | 9.4 | 40 | 14.6 | 6.2 | 10.4 | 0.8 | 13.4 | 0.9 | 17.5 | 1.5 | 17.4 | 0.8 |
Female | |||||||||||||
31–50+ | 179 | 6.8 | 40 | 10.0 | 3.2 | 7.6 | 0.5 | 9.5 | 0.5 | 11.8 | 0.8 | 15.7 | 0.0 |
Iron (mg) | |||||||||||||
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50 | 202 | 8.1 * | 45 | 11.6 | 1.6 | 10.8 | - | 11.7 | - | 12.4 | - | 11.4 | 0.0 |
Vitamin A (mcg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–30 | 76 | 625 | 3000 | 1202.7 | 604.9 | 772.0 | 107.0 | 1083.0 | 116.0 | 1500.0 | 192.0 | 14.0 | 1.4 |
Vitamin C (mcg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 216 | 75 | 2000 | 208.4 | 314.1 | 78.5 | 14.4 | 128.5 | 21.1 | 226.0 | 53.4 | 23.0 | 0.6 |
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 290 | 60 | 2000 | 283.1 | 862.3 | 64.5 | 10.8 | 113.0 | 19.0 | 231.0 | 63.3 | 22.2 | 1.7 |
Vitamin D (mcg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 216 | 10 | 100 | 5.8 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 93.1 | 0.0 |
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 290 | 10 | 100 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 0.5 | 99.3 | 0.0 |
Vitamin E (mcg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 216 | 12 | 1000a | 8.2 | 2.9 | 6.1 | 0.5 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 89.1 | - |
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 290 | 12 | 1000a | 6.2 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 7.2 | 0.5 | 98.8 | - |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | |||||||||||||
Female | |||||||||||||
31–50+ | 179 | 2 | - | 3.5 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 12.3 | - |
Folate (mcg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 216 | 400 | 1000a | 411.5 | 119.4 | 326.3 | 23.6 | 396.0 | 22.4 | 480.0 | 33.8 | 23.1 | - |
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 290 | 400 | 1000a | 305.3 | 65.2 | 259.0 | 14.5 | 300.0 | 13.1 | 346.0 | 18.1 | 61.9 | - |
Sodium (g) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–50 | 160 | 1.5b | 2.3 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 0.3 | - | 98.2 |
50+ | 56 | 1.3b | 2.3 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.3 | - | 95.3 |
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50 | 202 | 1.5b | 2.3 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.3 | 0.2 | - | 86.6 |
50+ | 88 | 1.3b | 2.3 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.2 | - | 70.4 |
Manganese (mg) | |||||||||||||
Male | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 216 | 2.3b | 11 | 25.7 | 152.0 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 12.2 | 4.3 | - | 25.9 |
Female | |||||||||||||
20–50+ | 290 | 1.8b | 11 | 9.3 | 34.7 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 6.4 | 1.8 | - | 12.8 |
Food Group | Gender | BMI (kg/m2) | p-Value * | Physical Activity | p-Value * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | All | <25 | 25–29.9 | ≥30 | Yes | No | |||
Cereals | ||||||||||
Mean | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.4 | ||
SD 1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.2 | ||
% below six servings | 91.7 | 98.5 | 95.8 | 94.4 | 96.7 | 99.4 | 0.13 | 95.6 | 96.9 | 0.62 |
Vegetables | ||||||||||
Mean | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | - | 2.8 | 2.2 | ||
SD | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.7 | - | 1.4 | 1.2 | ||
% below three servings | 66.4 | 72.1 | 74.1 | 64.9 | 67.3 | - | 0.72 | 66.7 | 80.2 | 0.03 |
Fruits | ||||||||||
Mean | 4.3 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 2.8 | ||
SD | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | ||
% below three servings | 36.2 | 55.6 | 49.4 | 45.0 | 37.5 | 66.8 | 0.09 | 45.5 | 70.6 | <0.001 |
Meat | ||||||||||
Mean | 3.2 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.2 | ||
SD | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.7 | ||
% below one serving | 1.3 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.96 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 0.18 |
Dairy Products | ||||||||||
Mean | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | ||
SD | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | ||
% below three servings | 81.6 | 97.7 | 87.5 | 93.5 | 88.7 | 87.4 | 0.32 | 90.3 | 93.8 | 0.36 |
Pulses | ||||||||||
Mean | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | - | 2.3 | 1.8 | ||
SD | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | - | 0.9 | 0.8 | ||
% below one serving | 5.6 | 2.6 | 6.5 | 1.8 | 5.3 | - | 0.18 | 3.2 | 16.3 | <0.01 |
Fat and Oils | ||||||||||
Mean | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | ||
SD | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | ||
% below one serving | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.83 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.49 |
Sugars | ||||||||||
Mean | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | ||
SD | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 | ||
% below one serving | 40.8 | 43.3 | 41.7 | 50.2 | 34.7 | 33.3 | 0.02 | 47.8 | 32.3 | 0.02 |
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Sousa, A.G.; Da Costa, T.H.M. Assessment of Nutrient and Food Group Intakes across Sex, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index in an Urban Brazilian Population. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111714
Sousa AG, Da Costa THM. Assessment of Nutrient and Food Group Intakes across Sex, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index in an Urban Brazilian Population. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11):1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111714
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa, Alessandra Gaspar, and Teresa Helena Macedo Da Costa. 2018. "Assessment of Nutrient and Food Group Intakes across Sex, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index in an Urban Brazilian Population" Nutrients 10, no. 11: 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111714
APA StyleSousa, A. G., & Da Costa, T. H. M. (2018). Assessment of Nutrient and Food Group Intakes across Sex, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index in an Urban Brazilian Population. Nutrients, 10(11), 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111714