Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population, and Ethics
2.2. Body Composition
2.3. Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Determinants
2.4. Physical Condition and Sarcopenia Definition
2.4.1. Handgrip Strength Test (HGS)
2.4.2. Agility/Dynamic Balance Test (8-f TUG)
2.5. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Availability of Data and Materials
Abbreviations
ASMI | appendicular skeletal muscle index |
BMI | Body mass index |
CI | Confidence interval |
EWGSOP | European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People |
8-f TUG | 8-foot time up-and-go test; HGS: handgrip strength test |
ISAK | International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry |
LTPA | Leisure-time physical activity |
OR | Odds ratio |
SPSS | Statistical Package for the Social Sciences |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Variable | N | Maximum HGS (kg) | Maximum 8-f TUG (s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men/Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
Sociodemographics | |||||
All | 176/204 | 37.2 (11.1) | 21.8 (6.0) | 4.6 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.0) |
Age (years) | |||||
<65 (men)/67 (women) | 83/96 | 40.9 (9.7) | 22.7 (5.4) | 4.4 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.2) |
≥65 (men)/67 (women) | 93/108 | 36.3 (9.0) | 20.3 (6.6) | 4.9 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.0) |
p | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |
Marital status | |||||
Married/Coupled | 153/130 | 37.2 (11.3) | 22.0 (5.9) | 4.7 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.1) |
Single | 23/74 | 36.7 (7.8) | 21.5 (6.5) | 4.6 (1.3) | 5.2 (1.0) |
p | 0.448 | 0.629 | 0.242 | 0.794 | |
Educational level | |||||
Primary | 61/100 | 36.5 (9.7) | 21.4 (6.3) | 4.9 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) |
Secondary or college | 115/104 | 38.1 (11.0) | 22.2 (5.4) | 4.6 (1.1) | 5.0 (0.9) |
p | 0.124 | 0.398 | 0.011 | <0.001 | |
Income | |||||
<900 € | 27/106 | 36.3 (13.4) | 21.9 (6.2) | 4.9 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.2) |
≥900 € | 149/98 | 37.4 (10.9) | 21.8 (5.9) | 4.6 (1.0) | 5.0 (0.9) |
p | 0.253 | 0.662 | 0.040 | <0.001 | |
Body composition | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
<27.0 | 74/113 | 36.8 (13.0) | 21.4 (6.0) | 4.4 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.0) |
≥27.0 | 102/91 | 37.5 (9.6) | 22.5 (5.8) | 4.8 (0.9) | 5.4 (1.2) |
p | 0.989 | 0.202 | 0.128 | 0.007 | |
Overfat | |||||
No | 59/83 | 41.1 (12.2) | 20.4 (6.4) | 4.3 (1.0) | 5.1 (0.8) |
Yes | 117/121 | 36.7 (8.1) | 22.5 (5.6) | 4.8 (0.9) | 5.3 (1.2) |
p | 0.063 | 0.143 | <0.001 | 0.010 | |
Abdominal obesity | |||||
No | 23/62 | 43.3 (10.2) | 20.2 (6.3) | 4.2 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.7) |
Yes | 153/142 | 36.9 (10.5) | 22.4 (5.9) | 4.7 (1.0) | 5.3 (1.0) |
p | 0.017 | 0.140 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
Lifestyle variables | |||||
Smoking habit | |||||
Non-smoker | 161/191 | 37.2 (11.3) | 21.7 (5.5) | 4.6 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.0) |
Smoker | 15/13 | 37.4 (9.6) | 22.9 (6.4) | 4.7 (1.3) | 5.2 (1.7) |
p | 0.836 | 0.216 | 0.717 | 0.652 | |
LTPA | |||||
Inactive | 66/92 | 35.6 (6.2) a,b | 20.9 (6.2) | 5.0 (1.0) a,b | 5.5 (1.1) a,b |
Slightly active | 43/59 | 38.7 (10.7) | 22.1 (6.3) | 4.4 (1.0) | 5.2 (0.9) |
Active | 67/53 | 40.9 (10.2) | 22.4 (5.5) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.1) |
p | 0.001 | 0.310 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Variables | Maximum HGS | Maximum 8-f TUG | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Normal | Low | p | Crude OR (95% CI) † | Sex- and/or Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) ‡ | Normal | High | p | Crude OR (95% CI) † | Sex- and/or Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) ‡ | |
Sociodemographics | |||||||||||
All | 380 | 287 (75.5) | 93 (24.5) | 240 (63.2) | 140 (36.8) | ||||||
Sex | |||||||||||
Men | 176 | 158 (89.8) | 18 (10.2) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 128 (72.7) | 48 (27.3) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Women | 204 | 129 (63.2) | 75 (36.8) | 5.10 (2.90–8.98) | 4.59 (2.56–8.23) | 112 (54.9) | 92 (45.1) | 2.19 (1.42–3.37) | 2.38 (1.52–3.72) | ||
Age (years) | |||||||||||
<65/67 | 179 | 151 (84.4) | 28 (15.6) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 106 (59.2) | 73 (40.8) | 0.133 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
≥65/67 | 201 | 136 (67.7) | 65 (32.3) | 2.58 (1.56–4.25) | 2.85 (1.68–4.82) | 134 (66.7) | 67 (33.3) | 0.73 (0.48–1.10) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | ||
Marital status | |||||||||||
Married/Coupled | 283 | 224 (79.2) | 59 (20.8) | 0.005 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 180 (63.6) | 103 (36.4) | 0.758 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Single | 97 | 63 (64.9) | 34 (35.1) | 2.05 (1.24–3.40) | 1.08 (0.61–1.91) | 60 (61.9) | 37 (38.1) | 1.08 (0.67–1.73) | 0.90 (0.54-1.49) | ||
Educational level | |||||||||||
Primary | 161 | 119 (73.9) | 42 (26.1) | 0.531 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 83 (51.6) | 78 (48.4) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Secondary or college | 219 | 168 (76.7) | 51 (23.3) | 0.86 (0.54–1.38) | 1.22 (0.73–2.05) | 157 (71.7) | 62 (28.3) | 0.42 (0.27–0.64) | 0.43 (0.27–0.66) | ||
Income | |||||||||||
<900 € | 133 | 89 (66.9) | 44 (33.1) | 0.004 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 65 (48.9) | 68 (51.1) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
≥900 € | 247 | 198 (80.2) | 49 (19.8) | 0.50 (0.31–0.81) | 1.00 (0.58–1.71) | 175 (70.9) | 72 (29.1) | 0.39 (0.25–0.61) | 0.44 (0.27–0.71) | ||
Body composition | |||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
<27.0 | 185 | 128 (69.2) | 57 (30.8) | 0.005 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 124 (67.0) | 61 (33.0) | 0.128 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
≥27.0 | 195 | 159 (81.5) | 36 (18.5) | 0.51 (0.32–0.82) | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 116 (59.5) | 79 (40.5) | 1.38 (0.91–2.11) | 1.61 (1.04–2.49) | ||
Overfat | |||||||||||
No | 142 | 98 (69.0) | 44 (31.0) | 0.023 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 99 (69.7) | 43 (30.3) | 0.041 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Yes | 238 | 189 (79.4) | 49 (20.6) | 0.58 (0.36–0.93) | 0.58 (0.34–0.98) | 141 (59.2) | 97 (40.8) | 1.58 (1.02–2.46) | 1.72 (1.10–2.72) | ||
Abdominal obesity | |||||||||||
No | 85 | 55 (64.7) | 30 (35.3) | 0.008 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 66 (77.6) | 19 (22.4) | 0.002 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Yes | 295 | 232 (78.6) | 63 (21.4) | 0.50 (0.30–0.84) | 0.57 (0.31–1.03) | 174 (59.0) | 121 (41.0) | 2.42 (1.38–4.23) | 3.38 (1.87–6.09) | ||
Lifestyle variables | |||||||||||
Smoking habit | |||||||||||
Non–smoker | 352 | 263 (74.7) | 89 (25.3) | 0.193 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 222 (63.1) | 130 (36.9) | 0.898 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Smoker | 28 | 24 (85.7) | 4 (14.3) | 0.49 (0.17–1.46) | 0.61 (0.19–1.95) | 18 (64.3) | 10 (35.7) | 0.95 (0.43–2.12) | 0.97 (0.43–2.19) | ||
LTPA | |||||||||||
Inactive | 158 | 112 (70.9) | 46 (29.1) | 0.076 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 77 (48.7) | 81 (51.3) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Slightly active/Active | 222 | 175 (78.8) | 47 (21.2) | 0.65 (0.41–1.05) | 0.79 (0.47–1.32) | 163 (73.4) | 59 (26.6) | 0.34 (0.22–0.53) | 0.33 (0.21–0.52) |
Variables | Maximum HGS | Maximum 8-f TUG | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 287) | Low (n = 93) | p | Normal (n = 240) | High (n = 140) | p | |
All (n = 380) | ||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1679 (1394–2046) | 1547 (1269–1833) | 0.007 | 1708 (1394–2043) | 1559 (1277–1844) | 0.004 |
Carbohydrate intake (% total energy) | 44.7 (38.2–50.0) | 47.3 (41.5–53.6) | 0.003 | 44.9 (38.0–50.0) | 46.6 (40.3–51.4) | 0.201 |
Protein intake (% total energy) | 16.0 (14.2–18.6) | 16.1 (13.4–19.0) | 0.738 | 16.2 (14.4–18.7) | 15.8 (13.2–18.8) | 0.149 |
Fat intake (% total energy) | 35.0 (30.0–40.0) | 32.5 (28.6–37.6) | 0.025 | 34.3 (29.8–39.8) | 34.0 (29.4–38.6) | 0.520 |
PUFA (% total energy) | 4.2 (3.5–5.1) | 4.2 (3.5–5.7) | 0.369 | 4.3 (3.5–5.4) | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | 0.084 |
MUFA (% total energy) | 16.0 (13.4–18.6) | 14.0 (12.3–16.9) | 0.001 | 15.8 (13.2–18.6) | 15.1 (12.7–17.8) | 0.254 |
SFA (% total energy) | 10.0 (8.2–12.5) | 9.6 (7.3–11.2) | 0.058 | 9.8 (8.0–12.0) | 10.1 (8.1–11.9) | 0.600 |
Cholesterol intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 261.9 (177.4–383.9) | 211.1 (127.3–309.6) | 0.054 | 253.8 (170.4–384.2) | 245.7 (160.5–356.5) | 0.993 |
Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) | 65.6 (51.2–82.5) | 58.7 (45.3–71.2) | 0.006 | 64.5 (51.3–82.3) | 60.5 (45.1–78.1) | 0.625 |
Men (n = 176) | n = 158 | n = 18 | n = 128 | n = 48 | ||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1926 (1579–2255) | 1789 (1527–1892) | 0.068 | 1914 (1606–2202) | 1817 (1507–2265) | 0.528 |
Carbohydrate intake (% total energy) | 43.8 (37.8–49.6) | 43.6 (34.5–53.4) | 0.914 | 44.2 (37.6–49.7) | 43.6 (38.5–50.2) | 0.847 |
Protein intake (% total energy) | 15.7 (13.9–18.2) | 16.0 (14.1–19.7) | 0.461 | 15.9 (14.3–18.5) | 14.9 (12.9–18.2) | 0.092 |
Fat intake (% total energy) | 34.8 (29.8–39.6) | 32.5 (29.6–40.8) | 0.907 | 34.1 (29.6–39.6) | 35.6 (31.2–40.1) | 0.361 |
PUFA (% total energy) | 4.3 (3.5–5.1) | 5.0 (3.6–6.3) | 0.160 | 4.3 (3.5–5.3) | 4.2 (3.6–5.0) | 0.515 |
MUFA (% total energy) | 16.1 (13.5–18.3) | 14.9 (12.9–18.3) | 0.646 | 16.0 (13.2–18.3) | 16.0 (13.8–18.3) | 0.740 |
SFA (% total energy) | 10.2 (8.2–12.5) | 9.5 (7.3–11.6) | 0.470 | 9.8 (7.8–12.2) | 10.6 (8.9–13.1) | 0.059 |
Cholesterol intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 149.6 (101.7–210.7) | 193.4 (94.1–277.3) | 0.372 | 141.2 (101.1–205.9) | 158.0 (102.6–220.5) | 0.570 |
Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) | 9.4 (7.2–12.2) | 10.2 (7.9–13.8) | 0.449 | 9.8 (7.6–12.7) | 8.5 (6.8–10.1) | 0.040 |
Women (n = 204) | n = 129 | n = 75 | n = 112 | n = 92 | ||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1456 (1236–1721) | 1515 (1235–1820) | 0.486 | 1463 (1286–1774) | 1486 (1193–1735) | 0.525 |
Carbohydrate intake (% total energy) | 46.3 (38.5–51.1) | 48.3 (43.4–54.0) | 0.018 | 46.3 (38.9–51.3) | 47.4 (41.4–52.8) | 0.265 |
Protein intake (% total energy) | 16.7 (14.5–19.5) | 16.1 (13.3–18.7) | 0.155 | 16.7 (14.6–19.1) | 16.1 (13.4–19.1) | 0.374 |
Fat intake (% total energy) | 35.2 (30.3–40.3) | 32.5 (28.5–36.8) | 0.016 | 34.7 (30.2–40.2) | 33.6 (29.0–37.7) | 0.147 |
PUFA (% total energy) | 4.1 (3.4–5.2) | 4.2 (3.4–5.3) | 0.700 | 4.3 (3.5–5.5) | 4.0 (3.3–5.1) | 0.106 |
MUFA (% total energy) | 15.8 (13.4–18.7) | 13.7 (12.2–16.5) | 0.001 | 15.6 (13.2–18.6) | 14.7 (12.4–17.2) | 0.132 |
SFA (% total energy) | 10.0 (8.3–12.1) | 9.6 (7.3–11.2) | 0.158 | 9.9 (8.2–11.5) | 9.8 (7.7–11.2) | 0.567 |
Cholesterol intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 159.6 (119.6–232.0) | 123.2 (91.4–179.6) | 0.004 | 147.0 (111.0–202.2) | 142.3 (92.9–227.1) | 0.613 |
Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) | 10.9 (8.5–13.6) | 11.1 (9.6–14.4) | 0.159 | 11.1 (9.0–13.3) | 10.6 (9.0–14.5) | 0.779 |
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Bibiloni, M.d.M.; Karam, J.; Bouzas, C.; Aparicio-Ugarriza, R.; Pedrero-Chamizo, R.; Sureda, A.; González-Gross, M.; Tur, J.A. Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111608
Bibiloni MdM, Karam J, Bouzas C, Aparicio-Ugarriza R, Pedrero-Chamizo R, Sureda A, González-Gross M, Tur JA. Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11):1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111608
Chicago/Turabian StyleBibiloni, Maria del Mar, Joanne Karam, Cristina Bouzas, Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza, Raquel Pedrero-Chamizo, Antoni Sureda, Marcela González-Gross, and Josep A. Tur. 2018. "Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults" Nutrients 10, no. 11: 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111608
APA StyleBibiloni, M. d. M., Karam, J., Bouzas, C., Aparicio-Ugarriza, R., Pedrero-Chamizo, R., Sureda, A., González-Gross, M., & Tur, J. A. (2018). Association between Physical Condition and Body Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Lifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults. Nutrients, 10(11), 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111608