Carotenoid Intake and Serum Concentration in Young Finnish Children and Their Relation with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Methods
2.2. Determination of Serum Carotenoids and Cholesterol
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1-year-olds (n = 135) | 2-year-olds a (n = 177) | 3-year-olds b (n = 141) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | pc (Age Groups 1 vs. 2) | Mean (SD) | pc (Age Groups 2 vs. 3) | Mean (SD) | pc (Age Groups 1 vs. 3) | |
Biomarkers | ||||||
Serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 (0.76) | <0.01 | 4.6 (0.82) | NS | 4.7 (0.83) | <0.001 |
Serum α-carotene (µmol/L) | 0.50 (0.38) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.29) | NS | 0.25 (0.25) | <0.001 |
Serum β-carotene (µmol/L) | 1.25 (1.02) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.70) | NS | 0.74 (0.56) | <0.001 |
Dietary intake | ||||||
α-carotene (µg/day) | 672 (743) | <0.001 | 451 (550) | NS | 505 (559) | <0.001 |
β-carotene (µg/day) | 1579 (1497) | <0.01 | 1280 (1210) | <0.05 | 1515 (1337) | NS |
Total carotenoids d (μg/day) | 3245 (2611) | NS | 3262 (2532) | <0.05 | 3920 (2602) | NS |
Intake of energy (kJ/day) | 3764 (660) | <0.001 | 4618 (881) | <0.001 | 5153 (959) | <0.001 |
Food Intake as Ingredients (g/day) | 1-year-olds (n = 135) | 2-year-olds (n = 177) | 3-year-olds (n = 141) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | pa Age Groups 1 vs. 2 | Mean (SD) | pa Age Groups 2 vs. 3 | Mean (SD) | pa Age Groups 1 vs. 3 | |
Fruits and berries (other than citrus) | 63.6 (42.6) | NS | 65.5 (50.8) | NS | 63.0 (56.5) | NS |
Citrus fruits | 1.1 (7.2) | <0.001 | 7.9 (18.8) | NS | 9.6 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Fruit juices and juice drinks | 28.4 (68.4) | <0.001 | 152.1 (142.4) | <0.001 | 192.4 (147.4) | <0.001 |
Potatoes | 73.8 (42.7) | <0.05 | 61.2 (42.5) | NS | 55.2 (39.5) | <0.01 |
Root vegetables | 19.7 (22.6) | NS | 16.7 (19.7) | NS | 18.0 (19.3) | NS |
Green leafy vegetables | 4.2 (10.7) | <0.01 | 2.5 (5.6) | NS | 2.7 (7.5) | <0.01 |
Other vegetables | 17.1 (15.9) | <0.001 | 28.1 (27.9) | NS | 33.1 (33.8) | <0.001 |
Flavored sauces b | 3.3 (12.9) | <0.001 | 9.2 (16.8) | NS | 9.7 (15.7) | <0.01 |
Carotenoid Intake Contributors | α-Carotene | β-Carotene | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Year-Olds (n = 135) | 2-Year-Olds (n = 177) | 3-Year-Olds (n = 141) | 1-Year-Olds (n = 135) | 2-Year-Olds (n = 177) | 3-Year-Olds (n = 141) | |
Food intake as ingredients (g/day) | ||||||
Fruits and berries (other than citrus) | 0.61 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.5 |
Citrus fruits | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Fruit juices and juice drinks | 0.05 | 0.67 | 2.2 | 0.15 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
Potatoes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.27 |
Root vegetables | 82.1 | 87.2 | 89.9 | 73.8 | 67.1 | 65.7 |
Green leafy vegetables | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.70 | 1.8 | 2.6 |
Other vegetables | 1.4 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 7.1 | 6.4 |
Flavored sauces a | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.98 | 0.08 | 6.5 | 11.4 |
Miscellaneous b | 17.5 | 7.2 | 3.7 | 16.9 | 13.2 | 10.2 |
All ingredients | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Food intake as dishes (g/day) | ||||||
Commercial baby fruit and berry purees | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 2.7 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
Commercial baby porridges c | 15.4 | 0.65 | 0.34 | 13.5 | 0.44 | 0.24 |
Commercial baby vegetable mashes | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 2.3 |
Commercial baby meat and fish mashes d | 31.7 | 11.2 | 5.4 | 30.4 | 9.3 | 3.9 |
All other dishes | 48.3 | 84.2 | 90.9 | 48.9 | 86.5 | 93.4 |
All dishes | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Dietary Intake, µg/day | Crude | Adjusted d | Quartiles, % Within One Quartile | Opposite Quartile |
---|---|---|---|---|
1-year-olds a (n = 135) | ||||
Total dietary α-carotene d | 0.50 ** | 0.48 *** | 81 | 7 |
Total dietary β-carotene d | 0.47 ** | 0.47 *** | 79 | 6 |
2-year-olds b (n = 177) | ||||
Total dietary α-carotene d | 0.45 ** | 0.45 *** | 79 | 9 |
Total dietary β-carotene d | 0.34 ** | 0.40 *** | 74 | 11 |
3-year-olds c (n = 141) | ||||
Total dietary α-carotene d | 0.45 ** | 0.44 *** | 78 | 4 |
Total dietary β-carotene d | 0.33 ** | 0.30 *** | 72 | 13 |
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Prasad, M.; Takkinen, H.-M.; Uusitalo, L.; Tapanainen, H.; Ovaskainen, M.-L.; Alfthan, G.; Erlund, I.; Ahonen, S.; Åkerlund, M.; Toppari, J.; et al. Carotenoid Intake and Serum Concentration in Young Finnish Children and Their Relation with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101533
Prasad M, Takkinen H-M, Uusitalo L, Tapanainen H, Ovaskainen M-L, Alfthan G, Erlund I, Ahonen S, Åkerlund M, Toppari J, et al. Carotenoid Intake and Serum Concentration in Young Finnish Children and Their Relation with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101533
Chicago/Turabian StylePrasad, Marianne, Hanna-Mari Takkinen, Liisa Uusitalo, Heli Tapanainen, Marja-Leena Ovaskainen, Georg Alfthan, Iris Erlund, Suvi Ahonen, Mari Åkerlund, Jorma Toppari, and et al. 2018. "Carotenoid Intake and Serum Concentration in Young Finnish Children and Their Relation with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101533