Spatial Disparity in Food Environment and Household Economic Resources Related to Food Insecurity in Rural Korean Households with Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Methods and Variables
2.2.1. Household Economic Factors
2.2.2. Food Environment Factors
2.2.3. Household Food Insecurity
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Households
3.2. Economic Factors Related to Food Insecurity
3.3. Food Environment Factors Related to Food Insecurity
3.4. The Most Explainable Economic and Food Environmental Factors Related to Food Insecurity in Each Area
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Mountain Area | Land Area | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 99 | n = 149 | ||||
% | n | % | n | ||
Food insecure households | 40.4 | 40 | 46.3 | 69 | 0.3589 |
Family size | 0.0349 | ||||
1 | 63.6 | 63 | 77.9 | 116 | |
2 | 32.3 | 32 | 18.1 | 27 | |
≥3 | 4.0 | 4 | 4.0 | 6 | |
Beneficiaries of national basic livelihood | 36.4 | 36 | 59.1 | 88 | 0.0001 |
Cook of the household | |||||
Age (years) 1 | 75.7 ± 7.8 | 76.7 ± 7.3 | 0.3357 | ||
Women | 86.9 | 86 | 79.2 | 118 | 0.1213 |
≤6 years of primary education | 97.0 | 96 | 79.2 | 118 | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Mountain Area (n = 99) | Land Area (n = 149) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Limits | Values | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Limits | |||||
Objective economic indices | ||||||||||
Average monthly income for last 1 year, $ 2 | 281.2 ± 158.9 | 0.998 | 0.995 | 1.001 | 291.3 ± 147.6 | 0.999 | 0.997 | 1.002 | ||
Earnings 3 | 55.1 ± 116.3 | 0.998 | 0.994 | 1.002 | 22.8 ± 73.5 | 0.996 | 0.990 | 1.002 | ||
Subsidies 3 | 172.0 ± 134.8 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 1.003 | 241.0 ± 151.2 | 1.001 | 0.999 | 1.003 | ||
Allowances from family 3 | 54.1 ± 91.9 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 1.003 | 27.5 ± 78.0 | 1.001 | 0.999 | 1.003 | ||
Average monthly expenditure for last 1 year, $ 3 | 146.9 ± 108.0 | 1.001 | 0.997 | 1.005 | 178.4 ± 109.6 | 1.005 | 1.002 | 1.008 | ||
Food expenses | 42.2 ± 55.5 | 1.001 | 0.994 | 1.008 | 46.5 ± 47.8 | 1.001 | 0.994 | 1.007 | ||
Housing fee | 39.4 ± 61.7 | 1.005 | 0.999 | 1.012 | 55.6 ± 82.1 | 1.008 | 1.003 | 1.012 | ||
Heating costs 3 | 35.1 ± 23.1 | 0.986 | 0.968 | 1.004 | 56.3 ± 40.2 | 1.005 | 0.996 | 1.013 | ||
Medical expense 3 | 30.1 ± 47.9 | 20.0 ± 32.4 | ||||||||
% Proportions of expenditure components, all year | ||||||||||
Food expenditure | 27.3 ± 20.9 | 0.995 | 0.975 | 1.014 | 26.6 ± 21.5 | 0.986 | 0.971 | 1.002 | ||
Housing fee | 20.0 ± 29.1 | 1.010 | 0.996 | 1.024 | 21.3 ± 29.3 | 1.021 | 1.009 | 1.033 | ||
Heating costs | 33.7 ± 27.6 | 0.994 | 0.980 | 1.009 | 38.7 ± 25.0 | 0.987 | 0.974 | 1.001 | ||
Medical expenditure | 18.0 ± 23.0 | 0.992 | 0.974 | 1.010 | 12.7 ± 19.7 | 0.996 | 0.980 | 1.013 | ||
Subjective economic indices4 | ||||||||||
Experience of reducing food expenditure resulting from burden of housing fee 3 | 5.1 | (5) | - | - | - | 34.9 | (52) | 2.943 5 | 1.463 | 5.919 |
Experience of reducing food expenditure resulting from burden of heating costs during the winter 3 | 20.2 | (20) | 6.480 5 | 2.119 | 19.814 | 70.5 | (105) | 2.725 5 | 1.284 | 5.784 |
Characteristics | Mountain Area (n = 99) | Land Area (n = 149) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Limits | Values | Odds Ratios 1 | 95% Confidence Limits | |||||||
% | n | % | n | |||||||||
Household food availability | ||||||||||||
Purchasing food 2 | 78.8 | 78 | 1.467 | 0.533 | 4.036 | 87.9 | 131 | 1.412 | 0.515 | 3.868 | ||
Farming or home gardening | 24.2 | 24 | 0.301 | 0.102 | 0.890 | 18.1 | 27 | 0.421 | 0.171 | 1.035 | ||
Getting tangible private support related to food acquisition | 22.2 | 22 | 1.027 | 0.392 | 2.694 | 14.8 | 22 | 0.960 | 0.387 | 2.383 | ||
Participating in public food assistance program 2 | 39.4 | 39 | 2.105 | 0.922 | 4.809 | 68.5 | 102 | 1.417 | 0.704 | 2.854 | ||
Household food accessibility | ||||||||||||
Household cook’s physical disability | 19.2 | 19 | 1.852 | 0.676 | 5.074 | 17.5 | 26 | 2.579 | 1.066 | 6.240 | ||
Getting intangible support from family for purchasing food | 9.1 | 9 | 0.350 | 0.068 | 1.808 | 10.1 | 15 | 0.970 | 0.330 | 2.852 | ||
Getting intangible support from neighbors for purchasing food | 9.1 | 9 | 3.111 | 0.717 | 13.501 | 8.1 | 12 | 0.777 | 0.233 | 2.586 | ||
Community food availability, objective indices | ||||||||||||
Places to purchase food | ||||||||||||
Traditional market | 27.3 | 27 | 0.337 | 0.121 | 0.934 | 36.2 | 54 | 1.200 | 0.598 | 2.409 | ||
Supermarket 2 | 25.3 | 25 | 1.787 | 0.684 | 4.674 | 10.1 | 15 | 0.970 | 0.330 | 2.852 | ||
Super Supermarket | 42.4 | 42 | 0.688 | 0.279 | 1.697 | 53.7 | 80 | 0.787 | 0.389 | 1.590 | ||
Community food availability, perception | ||||||||||||
No various foods in the nearest food store | 7.1 | 7 | 1.025 | 0.213 | 4.923 | 10.7 | 16 | 3.900 | 1.186 | 12.821 | ||
Community food accessibility, objective indices | ||||||||||||
Transportation to the nearest food stores | ||||||||||||
By walk | 45.5 | 45 | 1.000 | 46.3 | 69 | 1.000 | ||||||
By driving | 33.3 | 33 | 0.653 | 0.260 | 1.638 | 41.6 | 62 | 0.749 | 0.376 | 1.493 | ||
Not applicable | 21.2 | 21 | 0.571 | 0.194 | 1.683 | 12.1 | 18 | 0.618 | 0.214 | 1.782 | ||
Distance to the nearest food stores (min) 3 | ||||||||||||
By walk | 15.0 | ± | 9.7 | 1.025 | 0.963 | 1.090 | 19.6 | ± | 11.7 | 1.017 | 0.975 | 1.06 |
By driving | 22.4 | ± | 11.5 | 1.021 | 0.960 | 1.086 | 16.3 | ± | 7.8 | 0.955 | 0.891 | 1.023 |
Community food accessibility, perception | ||||||||||||
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to food stores far from home | 20.2 | 20 | 9.647 | 2.811 | 33.101 | 30.9 | 46 | 3.600 | 1.686 | 7.684 | ||
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to bus stop far from home | 15.2 | 15 | 0.889 | 0.282 | 2.799 | 18.1 | 27 | 0.864 | 0.369 | 2.023 | ||
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to inconvenience of bus route | 5.1 | 5 | 0.903 | 0.142 | 5.735 | 5.4 | 8 | 0.145 | 0.017 | 1.216 |
Risk Factors | Odds Ratios | 95% Confidence Limits | |
---|---|---|---|
Mountain area | |||
Objective economic indices | |||
Average monthly income for last 1 year, $ | 0.995 | 0.991 | 0.999 |
Subjective economic indices | |||
Experience of reducing food expenditure resulting from burden of heating costs during the winter (reference ‘no’) | 5.664 | 1.518 | 21.136 |
Household food availability | |||
Farming or home gardening (reference ‘no’) | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.283 |
Community food accessibility, perception | |||
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to food stores far from home (reference ‘no’) | 48.58 | 4.83 | 488.69 |
Land Area | |||
Objective economic indices | |||
Percent proportion of housing fee | 1.023 | 1.01 | 1.036 |
Household food accessibility | |||
Household cook’s physical disability (reference ‘no’) | 2.846 | 1.074 | 7.538 |
Community food accessibility, perception | |||
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to food stores far from home (reference ‘no’) | 4.675 | 2.05 | 10.66 |
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Shim, J.E.; Kim, S.-j.; Kim, K.; Hwang, J.-Y. Spatial Disparity in Food Environment and Household Economic Resources Related to Food Insecurity in Rural Korean Households with Older Adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101514
Shim JE, Kim S-j, Kim K, Hwang J-Y. Spatial Disparity in Food Environment and Household Economic Resources Related to Food Insecurity in Rural Korean Households with Older Adults. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101514
Chicago/Turabian StyleShim, Jae Eun, Seo-jin Kim, Kirang Kim, and Ji-Yun Hwang. 2018. "Spatial Disparity in Food Environment and Household Economic Resources Related to Food Insecurity in Rural Korean Households with Older Adults" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101514