Association between Fasting Glucose Concentration, Lipid Profile and 25(OH)D Status in Children Aged 9–11
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants and the Panel of Laboratory Tests
2.2. Laboratory and Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. Definitions of Decision Criteria for Study Participants
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Compliance with Ethical Standards
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
25(OH)D | 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol |
ADA | American Diabetes Association |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CLSI | Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute |
FG | Fasting Glucose |
HbA1c | Glycated Hemoglobin |
HDL-C | High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol by direct method |
HS-CRP | High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein |
IFG | Impaired Fasting Glucose |
LDL-C | Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol by direct method |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
TC | Total Cholesterol |
TG | Triglycerides |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Parameters | n | (%) | Mean (±SD) or Median (27–75th Percentile) | * p (<0.05) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 9 years | 112 | (39.4) | - | |
10 years | 97 | (34.2) | - | ||
11 years | 75 | (26.4) | - | ||
Sex | Boys | 150 | (52.8) | - | |
Girls | 134 | (47.2) | - | ||
BMI percentiles | <5 (underweight) | 16 | (5.6) | 26.8 (± 6.9) | |
≥5 and <85 (optimal weight) | 200 | (70.4) | 34.4 (± 6.0) | <0.001 ** | |
≥85 and <95 (overweight) | 33 | (11.6) | 46 (± 6.8) | ||
≥95 (obese) | 35 | (12.3) | 56.1 (± 12.1) | ||
Glycemic status | Glucose (<100 mg/dL; 5.6 mmol/L) | 234 | (82.4) | 90 (± 6.5); 5.0 (± 0.36) | <0.001 |
Glucose (≥100 mg/dL; 5.6 mmol/L) | 50 | (17.6) | 105 (± 6.5); 5.8 (± 0.36) | ||
HbA1c (<5.7 %; 38 mmol/mol) | 249 | (88.9) | 5.3 (± 0.2); 34.5 (±2.2) | ||
HbA1c (≥5.7 %; 38 mmol/mol) | 31 | (11.1) | 5.8 (± 0.16); 40.0 (±1.7) | ||
Lipids | TC (<170 mg/dL; 4.4 mmol/L) | 143 | (50.3) | 148 (± 14.1); 3.85 (± 0.37) | 0.919 |
TC (≥170 mg/dL; 4.4 mmol/L) | 141 | (49.7) | 194 (± 22.0); 5.02 (± 0.57) | ||
TG: 0–9 years (<75 mg/dL; 0.85 mmol/L) | 67 | (23.6) | 53 (± 12.8); 0.60 (± 0.14) | <0.001 | |
TG: 10–19 years (<90 mg/dL; 1.02 mmol/L) | 123 | (43.3) | 62 (± 15.8); 0.70 (± 0.18) | ||
TG: 0–9 years (≥75 mg/dL; 0.85 mmol/L) | 46 | (16.2) | 112 (± 39.0); 1.27 (± 0.44) | ||
TG: 10–19 years (≥90 mg/dL; 1.02 mmol/L) | 48 | (16.9) | 136 (± 42.6); 1.54 (± 0.48) | ||
LDL-C (<110 mg/dL; 2.85 mmol/L) | 183 | (64.4) | 86 (± 14.6); 2.23 (± 0.38) | <0.001 | |
LDL-C (≥110 mg/dL; 2.85 mmol/L) | 101 | (35.6) | 129 (± 20.8); 3.34 (± 0.54) | ||
HDL-C (>45 mg/dL; 1.17 mmol/L) | 252 | (88.7) | 62 (± 11.2); 1.60 (± 0.29) | <0.001 | |
HDL-C (≤45 mg/dL; 1.17 mmol/L) | 32 | (11.3) | 40 (± 4.4); 1.04 (± 0.11) | ||
non-HDL-C (<120 mg/dL; mmol/L) | 178 | (62.7) | 96 (± 15.3); 2.47 (± 0.40) | <0.001 | |
non-HDL-C (≥120 mg/dL; mmol/L) | 106 | (37.3) | 139 (± 21.6); 3.59 (± 0.56) | ||
hs-CRP | (<1 mg/L) | 196 | (69.0) | 0.2 (0.12–0.40) | <0.001 |
(≥1 mg/L) | 88 | (31.0) | 2.1 (1.5–3.8) | ||
25(OH)D status | Optimal (≥30 ng/mL; 75 nmol/L) | 10 | (3.5) | 31.8 (± 1.5); 79.37 (± 3.74) | |
Insufficiency (21–29 ng/mL; 52–72 nmol/L) | 167 | (58.8) | 23.7 (± 2.6); 59.16 (± 6.49) | 0.007 | |
Deficiency (≤20 ng/mL; 50 nmol/L) | 107 | (37.7) | 17.0 (± 2.3); 42.43 (± 5.74) |
Variables | * p Value | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Age | 0.791 | 0.958 | 0.699 | 1.314 |
Sex | 0.636 | 0.885 | 0.534 | 1.467 |
BMI percentiles | 0.053 | 0.665 | 0.440 | 1.005 |
TC | 0.169 | 1.688 | 0.800 | 3.562 |
TG | 0.973 | 1.010 | 0.565 | 1.804 |
HDL-C | 0.245 | 0.611 | 0.267 | 1.402 |
Non-HDL-C | 0.624 | 1.267 | 0.493 | 3.257 |
LDL-C | 0.257 | 0.599 | 0.247 | 1.454 |
hs-CRP | 0.935 | 0.975 | 0.531 | 1.791 |
HBA1C | 0.290 | 1.529 | 0.696 | 3.357 |
Glucose | 0.069 | 1.828 | 0.955 | 3.499 |
Glucose ** | 0.033 | 1.966 | 1.055 | 3.663 |
Vitamin D/R-Pearson Correlation | TC | TG | HDL-C | Non-HDL-C | LDL-C | Glucose | HbA1C | hs-CRP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose: <100 mg/dL (<5.6 mmol/L) ((n = 234)—normoglycemia) | |||||||||
25(OH)D | (R) 1 | −0.136 | 0.001 | −0.163 | −0.066 | −0.064 | −0.122 | 0.131 | −0.001 |
(p) 2 | 0.037 | 0.990 | 0.012 | 0.314 | 0.330 | 0.063 | 0.046 | 0.989 | |
Glucose: ≥100 mg/dL (≥5.6 mmol/L) ((n = 50)—hyperglycemia) | |||||||||
25(OH)D | (R) 1 | −0.251 | −0.025 | −0.359 | −0.066 | −0.135 | −0.087 | −0.008 | −0.041 |
(p) 2 | 0.079 | 0.862 | 0.010 | 0.647 | 0.351 | 0.547 | 0.956 | 0.779 | |
Total cholesterol ≤170 mg/dL (≤4.4 mmol/L) ((n = 143)—normocholesterolemia) | |||||||||
25(OH)D | (R) 1 | −0.215 | −0.019 | −0.187 | −0.066 | −0.035 | −0.019 | 0.050 | −0.053 |
(p) 2 | 0.010 | 0.820 | 0.026 | 0.436 | 0.677 | 0.821 | 0.554 | 0.531 | |
Total cholesterol ≥170 mg/dL (≥ 4.4 mmol/L) ((n =141)—hypercholesterolemia) | |||||||||
25(OH)D | (R) 1 | −0.030 | 0.039 | −0.181 | 0.091 | 0.030 | −0.253 | 0.154 | 0.051 |
(p) 2 | 0.724 | 0.644 | 0.032 | 0.282 | 0.722 | 0.002 | 0.070 | 0.546 | |
All (n = 284) | |||||||||
25(OH)D | (R) 1 | −0.005 | −0.160 | −0.209 | −0.067 | −0.078 | −0.140 | 0.091 | 0.001 |
(p) 2 | 0.932 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.262 | 0.193 | 0.018 | 0.129 | 0.991 |
Model | Independent Variables | Adjusted r2 | β (beta)(Standardized coefficients) | B (Unstandardized Coefficients) | * p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 0.020 | 0.021 | |||
Glucose | 25(OH)D | −0.238 | 0.021 | ||
CRP log | −0.087 | −1.058 | 0.139 | ||
Model 1 adj. | 0.027 | 0.027 | |||
Glucose | 25(OH)D | −0.142 | −0.247 | 0.017 | |
CRP log | −0.107 | −1.303 | 0.106 | ||
Model 2 | 0.052 | <0.001 | |||
TC | 25(OH)D | −0.159 | −0.955 | 0.006 | |
TG log | 0.183 | 0.124 | 0.002 | ||
Model 2 adj. | 0.048 | 0.002 | |||
TC | 25(OH)D | −0.160 | −0.958 | 0.006 | |
TG log | 0.192 | 0.130 | 0.003 | ||
Model 3 | 0.097 | <0.001 | |||
HDL-C | 25(OH)D | −0.202 | −0.565 | <0.001 | |
CRP log | −0.244 | −4.769 | <0.001 | ||
Model 3 adj. | 0.093 | <0.001 | |||
HDL-C | 25(OH)D | −0.203 | −0.568 | <0.001 | |
CRP log | −0.249 | −4.860 | <0.001 |
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Szternel, L.; Krintus, M.; Bergmann, K.; Derezinski, T.; Sypniewska, G. Association between Fasting Glucose Concentration, Lipid Profile and 25(OH)D Status in Children Aged 9–11. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101359
Szternel L, Krintus M, Bergmann K, Derezinski T, Sypniewska G. Association between Fasting Glucose Concentration, Lipid Profile and 25(OH)D Status in Children Aged 9–11. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101359
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzternel, Lukasz, Magdalena Krintus, Katarzyna Bergmann, Tadeusz Derezinski, and Grazyna Sypniewska. 2018. "Association between Fasting Glucose Concentration, Lipid Profile and 25(OH)D Status in Children Aged 9–11" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101359