Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Protocol
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Glucose
3.2. Insulin
3.3. Glucagon
3.4. Ratio of Insulin to Glucagon
3.5. Ghrelin
3.6. GIP
3.7. GLP-1
3.8. PYY
3.9. Amino Acids
3.10. Relationships of Energy Intake, Gut Hormones, and Amino Acids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Younger | Older | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentrations | Baseline | 15 min | 60 min | AUC | Baseline | 15 min | 60 min | AUC |
HOMA index | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | ||||||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 #& | 312 ± 4 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 #& | 323 ± 6 |
Insulin (mU/L) | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 9 ± 1 +# | 13 ± 2 + | 824 ± 126 + | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 5 ± 1 +# | 12 ± 2 + | 593 ± 89 + |
Glucagon (pg/mL) | 62 ± 7 | 94 ± 12 +#& | 133 ± 14 +& | 7541 ± 836 +& | 67 ± 4 | 79 ± 4 +#& | 119 ± 7 +& | 6514 ± 313 +& |
Insulin to glucagon ratio | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 0.09 ± 0.01 +# | 0.10 ± 0.02 + | 5.1 ± 0.7 + | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 +# | 0.08 ± 0.01 + | 4.1 ± 0.5 + |
Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 1223 ± 101 | 1471 ± 153 + | 1235 ± 130 +# | 79,470 ± 8396 + | 1266 ± 120 | 1574 ± 207 + | 1313 ± 156 +# | 87,509 ± 12,176 + |
GIP (pmol/L) | 13 ± 1 | 19 ± 3 + | 23 ± 1 +#& | 1458 ± 83 +# | 15 ± 2 | 27 ± 3 + | 34 ± 3 +#& | 2063 ± 185 +# |
GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 26 ± 3 | 30 ± 3 + | 37 ± 3 + | 2023 ± 169 + | 23 ± 3 | 24 ± 3 + | 31 ± 4 + | 1675 ± 189 + |
PYY (pmol/L) | 34 ± 4 | 37 ± 4 +# | 41 ± 5 + | 2276 ± 265 + | 26 ± 1 | 26 ± 1 +# | 36 ± 3 + | 1776 ± 115 + |
Total amino acids (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.01 | 2.6 ± 0.2 +& | 3.6 ± 0.2 +& | 236 ± 12 +& | 2.3 ± 0.01 | 2.4 ± 0.1 +& | 3.5 ± 0.1 +& | 225 ± 7 +& |
Essential amino acids (mmol/L) | 0.7 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.04 +#& | 1.61 ± 0.13 +# | 106 ± 6 +& | 0.7 ± 0.01 | 0.8 ± 0.02 +#& | 1.52 ± 0.1 +# | 94 ± 5 +& |
Concentrations | r | p |
---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | −0.12 | 0.35 |
Insulin (mU/L) | 0.80 | <0.001 |
Glucagon (pg/mL) | 0.84 | <0.001 |
Ghrelin (pg/mL) | −0.32 | 0.013 |
GIP (pmol/L) | 0.82 | <0.001 |
GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 0.62 | <0.001 |
PYY (pmol/L) | 0.45 | <0.001 |
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Giezenaar, C.; Luscombe-Marsh, N.D.; Hutchison, A.T.; Standfield, S.; Feinle-Bisset, C.; Horowitz, M.; Chapman, I.; Soenen, S. Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men. Nutrients 2018, 10, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010078
Giezenaar C, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hutchison AT, Standfield S, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men. Nutrients. 2018; 10(1):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010078
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiezenaar, Caroline, Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh, Amy T Hutchison, Scott Standfield, Christine Feinle-Bisset, Michael Horowitz, Ian Chapman, and Stijn Soenen. 2018. "Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men" Nutrients 10, no. 1: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010078
APA StyleGiezenaar, C., Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Hutchison, A. T., Standfield, S., Feinle-Bisset, C., Horowitz, M., Chapman, I., & Soenen, S. (2018). Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men. Nutrients, 10(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010078