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Volume 17
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10.3390/rs17081405
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Article

The Influences of Environmental Factors on the Microwave Scattering Coefficient from the Sea Surface

by
Yitong Jiang
1,
Yanmin Zhang
1,2,3,*,
Yunhua Wang
1,4,
Fanwei Su
1 and
Daozhong Sun
5
1
Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2
Engineering Research Center of advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
3
Qingdao Key Laboratory of Optics and Optoelectronics, Qingdao 266100, China
4
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
5
Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311231, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(8), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081405
Submission received: 12 March 2025 / Revised: 10 April 2025 / Accepted: 11 April 2025 / Published: 15 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Ocean Observation (Third Edition))
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Abstract

The relationship between the microwave scattering coefficient from the sea surface and wind field has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, recent research on air–sea coupling has shown that sea–air temperature difference (SATD) also significantly affects the scattering coefficient. Therefore, to reveal the influence of different environmental parameters, such as salinity, sea surface temperature (SST), and SATD on the scattering coefficient, a theoretical analysis has been carried out firstly. Meanwhile, the coupling coefficient between a scattering coefficient anomaly (SCA) and sea–air temperature difference anomaly (SATDA) over four typical sea regions is compared with that between an SCA and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) by using the nearly 7–year data of the ECMWF, AMSR-E, and QSCAT. The results demonstrate that SCA is more sensitive to SATDA than SSTA. The values of ksatda between the SATDA and SCA exhibit seasonal variation, being higher in summer and lower in winter. Specifically, ksatda can reach a maximum of 0.62 in summer and drops to 0.2 in winter. Furthermore, the effects of the regional monthly mean sea surface temperature (RMMSST), regional monthly mean air temperature (RMMAT), regional monthly mean sea–air temperature difference (RMMSATD), and regional monthly mean wind speed (RMMWS) on ksatda are also discussed in detail. It is found that the RMMSATD is a crucial factor influencing ksatda. And the negative correlation coefficient between the RMMSATD and ksatda is −0.81.
Keywords: sea surface temperature; sea–air temperature difference; scattering coefficient; coupling coefficient sea surface temperature; sea–air temperature difference; scattering coefficient; coupling coefficient

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jiang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Su, F.; Sun, D. The Influences of Environmental Factors on the Microwave Scattering Coefficient from the Sea Surface. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081405

AMA Style

Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Su F, Sun D. The Influences of Environmental Factors on the Microwave Scattering Coefficient from the Sea Surface. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(8):1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081405

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiang, Yitong, Yanmin Zhang, Yunhua Wang, Fanwei Su, and Daozhong Sun. 2025. "The Influences of Environmental Factors on the Microwave Scattering Coefficient from the Sea Surface" Remote Sensing 17, no. 8: 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081405

APA Style

Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Su, F., & Sun, D. (2025). The Influences of Environmental Factors on the Microwave Scattering Coefficient from the Sea Surface. Remote Sensing, 17(8), 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081405

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