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Remote Sensing
Volume 17
Issue 5
10.3390/rs17050932
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Article

A Cross-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture 3D Passive Positioning Algorithm

by
Yuan Zhang
1,2,
Xiangxi Bu
1,
Sheng Guan
1,2,
Jihao Xin
1,2,
Zhiyu Jiang
1,2,
Xuyang Ge
1,2,
Miaomiao Li
1,2,
Yanlei Li
1 and
Xingdong Liang
1,*
1
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2
School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050932
Submission received: 3 January 2025 / Revised: 22 February 2025 / Accepted: 3 March 2025 / Published: 6 March 2025
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Abstract

High-precision, robust, and rapid three-dimensional (3D) passive positioning of the radiation source is critical for modern reconnaissance systems. While synthetic aperture technology has advanced 2D passive positioning performance, existing methods fail to achieve full 3D positioning with sufficient accuracy and computational efficiency. This is because of the inherent limitations of the single-station platform in resolving elevation-angle ambiguity. To address this gap, we propose a Cross-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture (CISA) 3D passive positioning algorithm. The algorithm innovatively realizes robust elevation-angle measurement by recursively deriving the long baseline unambiguous phase difference step-by-step from a virtual short baseline. The 3D positioning is achieved by combining passive synthetic aperture and interferometric angle measurement. Furthermore, we establish the incoherence model of synthetic aperture passive positioning for the first time and propose a compensation method based on static acquisition data to improve the practicability of CISA. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CISA algorithm achieves a positioning accuracy of 4.73‰R, improves computational efficiency by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared to conventional methods, and exhibits superior robustness to noise. The research can provide a reference for the method research and engineering realization of synthetic aperture 3D passive positioning.
Keywords: passive positioning; synthetic aperture; three-dimensional passive positioning; interferometric; direction of arrival estimation; virtual baseline; incoherent passive positioning; synthetic aperture; three-dimensional passive positioning; interferometric; direction of arrival estimation; virtual baseline; incoherent
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, Y.; Bu, X.; Guan, S.; Xin, J.; Jiang, Z.; Ge, X.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Liang, X. A Cross-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture 3D Passive Positioning Algorithm. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050932

AMA Style

Zhang Y, Bu X, Guan S, Xin J, Jiang Z, Ge X, Li M, Li Y, Liang X. A Cross-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture 3D Passive Positioning Algorithm. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(5):932. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050932

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Yuan, Xiangxi Bu, Sheng Guan, Jihao Xin, Zhiyu Jiang, Xuyang Ge, Miaomiao Li, Yanlei Li, and Xingdong Liang. 2025. "A Cross-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture 3D Passive Positioning Algorithm" Remote Sensing 17, no. 5: 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050932

APA Style

Zhang, Y., Bu, X., Guan, S., Xin, J., Jiang, Z., Ge, X., Li, M., Li, Y., & Liang, X. (2025). A Cross-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture 3D Passive Positioning Algorithm. Remote Sensing, 17(5), 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050932

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