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Remote Sensing
Volume 17
Issue 16
10.3390/rs17162890
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Technical Note

A Novel Real-Time Multi-Channel Error Calibration Architecture for DBF-SAR

by
Jinsong Qiu
1,
Zhimin Zhang
1,
Yunkai Deng
1,
Heng Zhang
1,
Wei Wang
1,*,
Zhen Chen
1,
Sixi Hou
1,2,
Yihang Feng
1,2 and
Nan Wang
1
1
Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2
School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2890; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162890
Submission received: 11 June 2025 / Revised: 8 August 2025 / Accepted: 18 August 2025 / Published: 19 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing Image Processing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Digital Beamforming SAR (DBF-SAR) provides high-resolution wide-swath imaging capability, yet it is affected by inter-channel amplitude, phase and time-delay errors induced by temperature variations and random error factors. Since all elevation channel data are weighted and summed by the DBF module in real time, conventional record-then-compensate approaches cannot meet real-time processing requirements. To resolve the problem, a real-time calibration architecture for Intermediate Frequency DBF (IFDBF) is presented in this paper. The Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation estimates amplitude errors through simple summation, time-delay errors via a simple counter, and phase errors via single-bin Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT). The time-delay and phase error information are converted into single-tone frequency components through Dechirp processing. The proposed method deliberately employs a reduced-length DTFT implementation to achieve enhanced delay estimation range adaptability. The method completes calibration within tens of PRIs (under 1 s). The proposed method is analyzed and validated through a spaceborne simulation and X-band 16-channel DBF-SAR experiments.
Keywords: synthetic aperture radar (SAR); Digital Beamforming (DBF); real-time processing; multi-channel error calibration synthetic aperture radar (SAR); Digital Beamforming (DBF); real-time processing; multi-channel error calibration

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Qiu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Deng, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, W.; Chen, Z.; Hou, S.; Feng, Y.; Wang, N. A Novel Real-Time Multi-Channel Error Calibration Architecture for DBF-SAR. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162890

AMA Style

Qiu J, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Zhang H, Wang W, Chen Z, Hou S, Feng Y, Wang N. A Novel Real-Time Multi-Channel Error Calibration Architecture for DBF-SAR. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(16):2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162890

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiu, Jinsong, Zhimin Zhang, Yunkai Deng, Heng Zhang, Wei Wang, Zhen Chen, Sixi Hou, Yihang Feng, and Nan Wang. 2025. "A Novel Real-Time Multi-Channel Error Calibration Architecture for DBF-SAR" Remote Sensing 17, no. 16: 2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162890

APA Style

Qiu, J., Zhang, Z., Deng, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, W., Chen, Z., Hou, S., Feng, Y., & Wang, N. (2025). A Novel Real-Time Multi-Channel Error Calibration Architecture for DBF-SAR. Remote Sensing, 17(16), 2890. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162890

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