The Spatio-Temporal Variation of Vegetation and Its Driving Factors during the Recent 20 Years in Beijing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. MODIS-NDVI Dataset and Preprocessing
2.2.2. Landsat Imagery and Preprocessing
2.2.3. Climate Data
2.2.4. Impervious Surface Data
2.2.5. SRTM DEM Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Variation Trend Judgement
2.3.2. Residual Analysis
2.3.3. Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Vegetation Change Trend
3.2. Driving Factors of Vegetation Change in Mountainous Area
3.3. Driving Factors of Vegetation Change in High and Low-Intensive Building Area
4. Discussion
4.1. The Relative Role of Driving Forces in the Process of Vegetation Restoration
4.2. The Relative Role of Driving Forces in the Process of Vegetation Degradation
4.3. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Name | Spatial Resolution | The Number of Data | Data Organization |
---|---|---|---|
MODIS | 250 m | 240 | USGS |
Landsat | 30 m | 717 | USGS |
Climate | 1 km | 20 | Resource and Environment Science Data Center |
Impervious surface | 30 m | 19 | Tsinghua University |
SRTM3 | 90 m | 1 | USGS |
The Dominant Factors on Vegetation Change | |||
---|---|---|---|
> 0 | > 0 | < 0 | Vegetation increases dominated by climate factors |
< 0 | > 0 | Vegetation increases dominated by human activities | |
> 0 | > 0 | Vegetation increases dominated by climate factors and human activities | |
< 0 | < 0 | > 0 | Vegetation decreases dominated by climate factors |
> 0 | < 0 | Vegetation decreases dominated by human activities | |
< 0 | < 0 | Vegetation decreases dominated by climate factors and human activities |
Vegetation Trend Change | Area Percentage | Driven Factor | Area Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Increase | 92.9% | Climate factors | 6.1% |
Human activities | 41.5% | ||
Climate factors and human activities | 45.3% | ||
Decrease | 7.1% | Climate factor | 5.1% |
Human activities | 0.8% | ||
Climate factors and human activities | 1.2% |
Years | 2000–2010 | 2000–2013 | 2000–2016 | 2000–2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | 37.5% | 42.9% | 53.7% | 46.9% |
Positive | 62.5% | 57.1% | 46.3% | 53.1% |
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Chen, S.; Ji, L.; Li, K.; Zhang, P.; Tang, H. The Spatio-Temporal Variation of Vegetation and Its Driving Factors during the Recent 20 Years in Beijing. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050851
Chen S, Ji L, Li K, Zhang P, Tang H. The Spatio-Temporal Variation of Vegetation and Its Driving Factors during the Recent 20 Years in Beijing. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(5):851. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050851
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Siya, Luyan Ji, Kexin Li, Peng Zhang, and Hairong Tang. 2024. "The Spatio-Temporal Variation of Vegetation and Its Driving Factors during the Recent 20 Years in Beijing" Remote Sensing 16, no. 5: 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050851