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Remote Sensing
Volume 16
Issue 13
10.3390/rs16132484
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Article

Different Vegetation Covers Leading to the Uncertainty and Consistency of ET Estimation: A Case Study Assessment with Extended Triple Collocation

by
Xiaoxiao Li
1,
Huaiwei Sun
1,*,
Yong Yang
1,
Xunlai Sun
1,
Ming Xiong
2,
Shuo Ouyang
2,
Haichen Li
3,
Hui Qin
1 and
Wenxin Zhang
4
1
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
2
Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010, China
3
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
4
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(13), 2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132484
Submission received: 2 May 2024 / Revised: 30 June 2024 / Accepted: 4 July 2024 / Published: 6 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water Resources and Water Environmental Monitoring with Remote Sensing Techniques)
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Abstract

Accurate and reliable estimation of actual evapotranspiration (AET) is essential for various hydrological studies, including drought prediction, water resource management, and the analysis of atmospheric–terrestrial carbon exchanges. Gridded AET products offer potential for application in ungauged areas, but their uncertainties may be significant, making it difficult to identify the best products for specific regions. While in situ data directly estimate gridded ET products, their applicability is limited in ungauged areas that require FLUXNET data. This paper employs an Extended Triple Collocation (ETC) method to estimate the uncertainty of Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FLDAS), and Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) AET product without requiring prior information. Subsequently, a merged ET product is generated by combining ET estimates from three original products. Furthermore, the study quantifies the uncertainty of each individual product across different vegetation covers and then compares three original products and the Merged ET with data from 645 in situ sites. The results indicate that GLEAM covers the largest area, accounting for 39.1% based on the correlation coefficient criterion and 39.9% based on the error variation criterion. Meanwhile, FLDAS and MEP exhibit similar performance characteristics. The merged ET derived from the ETC method demonstrates the ability to mitigate uncertainty in ET estimates in North American (NA) and European (EU) regions, as well as tundra, forest, grassland, and shrubland areas. This merged ET could be effectively utilized to reduce uncertainty in AET estimates from multiple products for ungauged areas.
Keywords: actual evapotranspiration; Extended Triple Collocation; vegetation cover actual evapotranspiration; Extended Triple Collocation; vegetation cover

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, X.; Sun, H.; Yang, Y.; Sun, X.; Xiong, M.; Ouyang, S.; Li, H.; Qin, H.; Zhang, W. Different Vegetation Covers Leading to the Uncertainty and Consistency of ET Estimation: A Case Study Assessment with Extended Triple Collocation. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2484. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132484

AMA Style

Li X, Sun H, Yang Y, Sun X, Xiong M, Ouyang S, Li H, Qin H, Zhang W. Different Vegetation Covers Leading to the Uncertainty and Consistency of ET Estimation: A Case Study Assessment with Extended Triple Collocation. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(13):2484. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132484

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Xiaoxiao, Huaiwei Sun, Yong Yang, Xunlai Sun, Ming Xiong, Shuo Ouyang, Haichen Li, Hui Qin, and Wenxin Zhang. 2024. "Different Vegetation Covers Leading to the Uncertainty and Consistency of ET Estimation: A Case Study Assessment with Extended Triple Collocation" Remote Sensing 16, no. 13: 2484. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132484

APA Style

Li, X., Sun, H., Yang, Y., Sun, X., Xiong, M., Ouyang, S., Li, H., Qin, H., & Zhang, W. (2024). Different Vegetation Covers Leading to the Uncertainty and Consistency of ET Estimation: A Case Study Assessment with Extended Triple Collocation. Remote Sensing, 16(13), 2484. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132484

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