Assessing Ice Break-Up Trends in Slave River Delta through Satellite Observations and Random Forest Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Study Area
1.2. Datasets and Preprocessing
1.2.1. Landsat Archives
1.2.2. Sentinel-2 Archives
2. Method
2.1. Random Forest Modeling
2.1.1. Feature Selection
2.1.2. Training and Modeling
2.1.3. Model Evaluation
2.1.4. SRD Trend Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RF Model Validation
3.2. Performance of the Model in a Different Area: Peace Athabasca Delta
3.3. Seasonal Dynamics of Ice and Water Fractions
3.4. Trend of Break-Up Onset
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sentinel-2 | Landsat-8 | Landsat-5 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band | Wavelength (Micrometers) | Spatial Resolution (Meters) | Band | Wavelength (Micrometers) | Spatial Resolution (Meters) | Band | Wavelength (Micrometers) | Spatial Resolution (Meters) |
B1 | 0.443 | 60 | B1 | 0.43–0.45 | 30 | B1 | 0.45–0.52 | 30 |
B2 | 0.490 | 10 | B2 | 0.45–0.51 | 30 | B2 | 0.52–0.60 | 30 |
B3 | 0.560 | 10 | B3 | 0.53–0.59 | 30 | B3 | 0.63–0.69 | 30 |
B4 | 0.665 | 10 | B4 | 0.64–0.67 | 30 | B4 | 0.76–0.90 | 30 |
B5 | 0.705 | 20 | B5 | 0.85–0.88 | 30 | B5 | 1.55–1.75 | 30 |
B6 | 0.740 | 20 | B6 | 1.57–1.65 | 30 | B6 | 10.40–12.5 | 120 |
B7 | 0.783 | 20 | B7 | 2.11–2.29 | 30 | B7 | 2.08–2.35 | 30 |
B8 | 0.842 | 10 | B8 | 0.50–0.68 | 15 | |||
B8a | 0.865 | 20 | B9 | 1.36–1.38 | 30 | |||
B9 | 0.940 | 60 | B10 | 10.6–11.19 | 100 | |||
B10 | 0.137 | 60 | B11 | 11.50–12.51 | 100 | |||
B11 | 0.161 | 20 | ||||||
B12 | 0.219 | 20 |
Sentinel Bands | Landsat Bands | ||
---|---|---|---|
SWIR3 | 0.861 | ultra blue | 0.852 |
ultra blue | 0.860 | blue | 0.851 |
green | 0.853 | green | 0.843 |
blue | 0.851 | NIR | 0.823 |
red edge3 | 0.850 | red | 0.816 |
NIR | 0.849 | thermal 1 | 0.779 |
red edge2 | 0.842 | thermal 2 | 0.744 |
red | 0.838 | ||
red edge1 | 0.834 | ||
narrow NIR | 0.830 |
Sentinel Model’s Features | Landsat Model’s Features |
---|---|
Local Average Gradient of Red | Local Average Gradient of Red |
ultra blue | ultra blue |
red | red |
NIR | NIR |
narrow NIR | WICI |
WICI | thermal 1 |
SWIR1 | |
SWIR2 |
Evaluation Type | Landsat Model | Sentinel Model |
---|---|---|
Training Accuracy | 99.71% | 97.62% |
Testing Accuracy | 97.8% | 91.53% |
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Moalemi, I.; Kheyrollah Pour, H.; Scott, K.A. Assessing Ice Break-Up Trends in Slave River Delta through Satellite Observations and Random Forest Modeling. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2244. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122244
Moalemi I, Kheyrollah Pour H, Scott KA. Assessing Ice Break-Up Trends in Slave River Delta through Satellite Observations and Random Forest Modeling. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(12):2244. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122244
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoalemi, Ida, Homa Kheyrollah Pour, and K. Andrea Scott. 2024. "Assessing Ice Break-Up Trends in Slave River Delta through Satellite Observations and Random Forest Modeling" Remote Sensing 16, no. 12: 2244. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122244