Coastal Sediment Grain Size Estimates on Gravel Beaches Using Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Ground Truth Data
2.2.1. Grain Size Measurements
2.2.2. Beach Elevation Measurements
2.3. SAR Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Variations in SAR Backscatter
3.2. Average Backscatter and D50
3.3. Predicting Grain Size
4. Discussion
4.1. Sediment Grain Size and Sentinel-1 C-Band SAR
4.1.1. Effects of Polarisation
4.1.2. Effects of Orbit Pass
4.1.3. Limits of Grain Size Derivation
4.2. Sediment Grain Size and NovaSAR S-Band SAR
4.3. Potential to Predict D50 from Sentinel-1 Backscatter
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Site | Satellite | Orbit Pass | Acquisition Date and Time | Field Survey Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 30 April 2022 17:41 | 13 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 24 May 2022 17:41 | 13 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 5 May 2022 17:41 | 13 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel 1 | Descending | 2 May 2022 06:14 | 13 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 14 May 2022 06:14 | 13 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 26 May 2022 06:15 | 13 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | NovaSAR | Descending | 26 May 2022 09:33 | 13 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 10 May 2022 17:57 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 22 May 2022 17:57 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 3 June 2022 17:57 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 7 May 2022 06:23 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 19 May 2022 06:23 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 31 May 2022 06:23 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Chesil Beach | NovaSAR | Ascending | 31 May 2022 10:15 | 23–25 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 30 April 2022 17:41 | 13 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 24 May 2022 17:41 | 13 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 5 May 2022 17:41 | 13 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel 1 | Descending | 2 May 2022 06:14 | 13 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 14 May 2022 06:14 | 13 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 26 May 2022 06:15 | 13 May 2022 |
Thorpeness Beach | NovaSAR | Descending | 26 May 2022 09:33 | 13 May 2022 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 30 April 2022 17:41 | 31 May 2022 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 24 May 2022 17:41 | 31 May 2022 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 5 June 2022 17:42 | 31 May 2022 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 2 May 2022 06:14 | 31 May 2022 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 14 May 2022 06:14 | 31 May 2022 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 26 May 2022 06:14 | 31 May 2022 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 7 May 2023 17:41 | 22 May 2023 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 19 May 2023 17:41 | 22 May 2023 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 31 May 2023 17:41 | 22 May 2023 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 9 May 2023 06:15 | 22 May 2023 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 21 May 2023 06:15 | 22 May 2023 |
Aldeburgh Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 2 June 2023 06:15 | 22 May 2023 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 5 May 2023 17:57 | 15–19 May 2023 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 17 May 2023 17:57 | 15–19 May 2023 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 29 May 23 17:57 | 15–19 May 2023 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 2 May 2023 06:23 | 15–19 May 2023 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 14 May 2023 06:23 | 15–19 May 2023 |
Chesil Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 26 May 2023 06:23 | 15–19 May 2023 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 7 May 2023 17:41 | 22 May 2023 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 19 May 2023 17:41 | 22 May 2023 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 31 May 2023 17:41 | 22 May 2023 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 9 May 2023 06:15 | 22 May 2023 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 21 May 2023 06:15 | 22 May 2023 |
Thorpeness Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 2 June 2023 06:15 | 22 May 2023 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 7 May 2023 17:42 | 24 May 2023 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 19 May 2023 17:42 | 24 May 2023 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Ascending | 31 May 2023 17:42 | 24 May 2023 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 9 May 2023 06:14 | 24 May 2023 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 21 May 2023 06:14 | 24 May 2023 |
Weybourne Beach | Sentinel-1 | Descending | 2 June 2023 06:14 | 24 May 2023 |
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Model | MAE (LOO) /mm | MAE (Weybourne) /mm | |
---|---|---|---|
VH descending 2022 | 0.85 | 5.17 | 5.47 |
VH descending 2022 and 2023 | 0.82 | 5.56 | 4.66 |
VV ascending 2022 | 0.80 | 6.40 | 5.26 |
VH descending 2023 | 0.80 | 5.45 | 3.56 |
VH ascending 2022 | 0.78 | 6.45 | 2.53 |
VV ascending 2022 and 2023 | 0.77 | 6.41 | 4.30 |
VV descending 2022 | 0.76 | 6.81 | 5.57 |
VV ascending 2023 | 0.75 | 6.18 | 2.26 |
VH ascending 2022 and 2023 | 0.75 | 6.52 | 5.42 |
VH ascending 2023 | 0.74 | 6.33 | 7.41 |
VV descending 2022 and 2023 | 0.67 | 6.78 | 5.52 |
VV descending 2023 | 0.57 | 7.05 | 6.95 |
Model | Equation of MLR Model | MAE (LOO) /mm | MAE (Weybourne) /mm | |
---|---|---|---|---|
VH/VV descending 2022 | D50 = 1.05 ∗ dB(VV) + 2.37 ∗ dB(VH) + 86.35 | 0.87 | 4.98 | 4.25 |
VH/VV ascending 2022 | D50 = 2.94 ∗ dB(VV) + 1.38 ∗ dB(VH) + 84.32 | 0.83 | 6.04 | 3.22 |
VH/VV descending 2022 and 2023 | D50 = 0.38 ∗ dB(VV) + 2.58 ∗ dB(VH) + 81.42 | 0.82 | 5.49 | 3.77 |
VH/VV descending 2023 | D50 = −0.36 ∗ dB(VV) + 2.84 ∗ dB(VH) + 76.79 | 0.80 | 5.57 | 3.03 |
VH/VV ascending 2022 and 2023 | D50 = 2.68 ∗ dB(VV) + 1.35 ∗ dB(VH) + 79.82 | 0.80 | 5.98 | 3.65 |
VH/VV ascending 2023 | D50 = 2.36 ∗ dB(VV) + 1.35 ∗ dB(VH) + 75.31 | 0.79 | 5.79 | 3.43 |
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Mann, S.; Novellino, A.; Hussain, E.; Grebby, S.; Bateson, L.; Capsey, A.; Marsh, S. Coastal Sediment Grain Size Estimates on Gravel Beaches Using Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101763
Mann S, Novellino A, Hussain E, Grebby S, Bateson L, Capsey A, Marsh S. Coastal Sediment Grain Size Estimates on Gravel Beaches Using Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(10):1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101763
Chicago/Turabian StyleMann, Sophie, Alessandro Novellino, Ekbal Hussain, Stephen Grebby, Luke Bateson, Austin Capsey, and Stuart Marsh. 2024. "Coastal Sediment Grain Size Estimates on Gravel Beaches Using Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)" Remote Sensing 16, no. 10: 1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101763