A Dynamic Effective Class Balanced Approach for Remote Sensing Imagery Semantic Segmentation of Imbalanced Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. The LoveDA Dataset
2.2. Landsat-8 Forest Fire Burning Area Images
3. Methods
3.1. Effective Sample Space
3.2. Dynamic Effective Sample Class Balance (DECB) Weighting Method
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Environmental Configuration and Parameter Details
4.2. Network Structure and Loss Function
4.3. Evaluation Metrics
4.4. Results in the Loveda Dataset
4.5. Results in the Forest Fire Burning Area Dataset
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Band | Channel | Applications | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Coastal | 0.433~0.453 | Active fire detection and environmental observation in coastal zones. |
2 | Blue | 0.450~0.515 | Visible light spectrum used for geographical identification. |
3 | Green | 0.525~0.600 | |
4 | Red | 0.630~0.680 | |
5 | NIR | 0.845~0.885 | Active fire detection and information extraction of vegetative cover. |
6 | SWIR1 | 1.560~1.660 | Active fire detection, vegetation drought detection, and mineral information extraction. |
7 | SWIR2 | 2.100~2.300 | Active fire detection, vegetation drought detection, mineral information extraction, and multi-temporal analysis. |
Batch Size | DCB Weights | DECB Weights | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 1048576 | 0.9999934 | 151623.8390 | 150000 | 0.8569 | 21690.3920 | 0.9793 |
8 | 2097152 | 0.9999967 | 303247.1785 | 200000 | 0.9046 | 28920.3560 | 0.9862 |
12 | 3145728 | 0.9999978 | 454870.5181 | 400000 | 0.8728 | 57840.2134 | 0.9816 |
16 | 4194304 | 0.9999984 | 606493.8575 | 600000 | 0.8569 | 86760.0703 | 0.9793 |
Programming Environment | Auxiliary Library | Hardware Configuration | Other Software |
---|---|---|---|
Python3.6.13 | h5py2.10.0 | CPU:[email protected] GHz | Envi5.3.1 |
torch1.2.0 | GDAL3.0.4 | GPU:NVIDIA TITAN X | ArcGIS PRO |
CUDA11.6 | opencv4.1.2 | RAM:16 GB | |
cuDNN8.0.4 | numpy1.17.0 | Numba0.26.0 |
Name of Dataset | Number of Samples | Initial Learning Rates | Decay Rate | Batch Size | Epoch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LoveDA-rural | 8884 | 0.96 | 8 | 120 | |
LoveDA-r-road | 1571 | 0.96 | 12 | 150 | |
Forest fire burning area | 2022 | 0.96 | 4 | 150 |
Backbone | Loss-Function | Background | Building | Road | Water | Barren | Forest | Agricultural | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
vgg-16 | DECB- Focal | 55.89 | 68.06 | 62.74 | 73.59 | 46.92 | 72.51 | 73.35 | 64.72 |
vgg-16 | DCB-Focal | 56.11 | 67.18 | 61.00 | 73.69 | 47.02 | 73.01 | 73.24 | 64.46 |
resnet-50 | DECB- Focal | 56.46 | 66.1 | 61.00 | 73.85 | 47.96 | 73.15 | 73.9 | 64.63 |
resnet-50 | DCB-Focal | 57.03 | 65.07 | 60.27 | 74.69 | 48.03 | 73.18 | 74.24 | 64.64 |
Backbone | Loss-Function | Background | Road | Water | Forest | Agricultural | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
vgg-16 | DECB-Focal | 53.26 | 68.79 | 70.89 | 66.52 | 72.75 | 66.44 |
vgg-16 | DCB-Focal | 51.64 | 66.94 | 70.26 | 66.19 | 72.65 | 65.54 |
resnet-50 | DECB-Focal | 52.94 | 68.88 | 71.06 | 66.94 | 73.33 | 66.63 |
resnet-50 | DCB-Focal | 51.86 | 67.83 | 71.01 | 66.41 | 73.23 | 66.07 |
vgg-16 | DECB-CE | 55.1 | 69.79 | 70.85 | 66.82 | 72.98 | 67.11 |
vgg-16 | DCB-CE | 54.08 | 68.67 | 70.19 | 67.52 | 72.93 | 66.68 |
resnet-50 | DECB-CE | 55.66 | 68.99 | 71.38 | 66.79 | 73.06 | 67.18 |
resnet-50 | DCB-CE | 54.97 | 67.42 | 71.01 | 67.41 | 73.66 | 66.89 |
Network | Weighting Methods | Background | Road | Water | Forest | Agricultural | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
vgg-16 | DECB | 53.26 | 68.79 | 70.89 | 66.52 | 72.75 | 66.44 |
DCB | 51.64 | 66.94 | 70.26 | 66.19 | 72.65 | 65.54 | |
Resnet-50 | DECB | 52.94 | 68.88 | 71.06 | 66.94 | 73.33 | 66.63 |
DCB | 51.86 | 67.83 | 71.01 | 66.41 | 73.23 | 66.07 | |
PSPNet | DECB | 50.78 | 60.69 | 69.61 | 65.41 | 72.96 | 63.90 |
DCB | 48.12 | 58.99 | 67.20 | 62.32 | 72.34 | 61.80 | |
DeeplabV3 | DECB | 50.23 | 60.66 | 64.10 | 62.30 | 72.63 | 61.99 |
DCB | 46.96 | 60.07 | 62.94 | 62.90 | 71.91 | 60.96 |
Backbone | Loss-Function | Fire | Vegetation | Background | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IoU | Recall | Precision | F1-Score | IoU | Recall | Precision | F1-Score | IoU | Recall | Precision | ||
vgg-16 | DECB-Focal | 21.36 | 51.96 | 26.62 | 35.21 | 93.51 | 97.13 | 96.17 | 96.65 | 78.06 | 88.36 | 87.01 |
vgg-16 | DCB-Focal | 17.96 | 19.57 | 35.26 | 25.17 | 93.34 | 97.22 | 95.91 | 96.56 | 77.23 | 87.9 | 86.42 |
resnet-50 | DECB-Focal | 20.72 | 46.77 | 27.11 | 34.32 | 92.55 | 95.18 | 97.1 | 96.13 | 74.12 | 81.3 | 89.36 |
resnet-50 | DCB-Focal | 15.59 | 19.57 | 43.63 | 27.02 | 92.83 | 97.2 | 95.38 | 96.28 | 75.32 | 88.15 | 83.81 |
vgg-16 | DECB-CE | 13.14 | 17.51 | 34.46 | 23.22 | 95.2 | 97.47 | 97.61 | 97.54 | 85.95 | 93.97 | 90.97 |
vgg-16 | DCB-CE | 12.23 | 15.76 | 35.31 | 21.79 | 94.65 | 97.91 | 96.6 | 97.25 | 84.58 | 92.06 | 91.24 |
resnet-50 | DECB-CE | 18.09 | 27.37 | 34.8 | 30.64 | 94.81 | 97.41 | 97.27 | 97.34 | 84.27 | 94.22 | 88.86 |
resnet-50 | DCB-CE | 15.72 | 21.53 | 36.81 | 27.17 | 94.7 | 97.78 | 96.78 | 97.28 | 84.22 | 93.2 | 89.74 |
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Zhou, Z.; Zheng, C.; Liu, X.; Tian, Y.; Chen, X.; Chen, X.; Dong, Z. A Dynamic Effective Class Balanced Approach for Remote Sensing Imagery Semantic Segmentation of Imbalanced Data. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071768
Zhou Z, Zheng C, Liu X, Tian Y, Chen X, Chen X, Dong Z. A Dynamic Effective Class Balanced Approach for Remote Sensing Imagery Semantic Segmentation of Imbalanced Data. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(7):1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071768
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Zheng, Change Zheng, Xiaodong Liu, Ye Tian, Xiaoyi Chen, Xuexue Chen, and Zixun Dong. 2023. "A Dynamic Effective Class Balanced Approach for Remote Sensing Imagery Semantic Segmentation of Imbalanced Data" Remote Sensing 15, no. 7: 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071768
APA StyleZhou, Z., Zheng, C., Liu, X., Tian, Y., Chen, X., Chen, X., & Dong, Z. (2023). A Dynamic Effective Class Balanced Approach for Remote Sensing Imagery Semantic Segmentation of Imbalanced Data. Remote Sensing, 15(7), 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071768