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Volume 15
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10.3390/rs15061663
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Article

Study of Ionospheric Bending Angle and Scintillation Profiles Derived by GNSS Radio-Occultation with MetOp-A Satellite

by
Fabricio S. Prol
1,2,*,
M. Mainul Hoque
2,
Manuel Hernández-Pajares
3,
Liangliang Yuan
2,
Germán Olivares-Pulido
3,
Axel von Engeln
4,
Christian Marquardt
4 and
Riccardo Notarpietro
4
1
Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Vuorimiehentie 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland
2
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany
3
Department of Mathematics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—IOnospheric Determination and Navigation Based on Satellite and Terrestrial Systems (UPC-IonSAT), E08034 Barcelona, Spain
4
European Operational Satellite Agency for Monitoring Weather (EUMETSAT), Am Kavalleriesand 31, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(6), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061663
Submission received: 6 February 2023 / Revised: 13 March 2023 / Accepted: 17 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
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Abstract

In this work, a dedicated campaign by MetOp-A satellite is conducted to monitor the ionosphere based on radio-occultation (RO) measurements provided by the onboard GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS). The main goal is to analyze the capabilities of the collected data to represent the bending angle and scintillation profiles of the ionosphere. We compare the MetOp-A products with those generated by other RO missions and explore the spatial/temporal distributions sensed by the MetOp-A campaign. Validation of dual frequency bending angles at the RO tangent points, S4 index, and Rate of the Total electron content Index (ROTI) is performed against independent products from Fengyun-3D and FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 satellites. Our main findings constitute the following: (1) bending angle profiles from MetOp-A agree well with Fengyun-3D measurements; (2) bending angle distributions show a typical S-shape variation along the altitudes; (3) signatures of the sporadic E-layer and equatorial ionization anomaly crests are observed by the bending angles; (4) sharp transitions are observed in the bending angle profiles above ~200 km due to the transition of the daytime/nighttime in addition to the transition of the bottom-side/top-side; and (5) sporadic E-layer signatures are observed in the S4 index distributions by MetOp-A and FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2, with expected differences in magnitudes between the GPS (Global Positioning System) L1 and L2 frequencies.
Keywords: GNSS; GPS; MetOp; radio-occultation; ionosphere; space weather; S4 index; sporadic E-layer; COSMIC; Fengyun GNSS; GPS; MetOp; radio-occultation; ionosphere; space weather; S4 index; sporadic E-layer; COSMIC; Fengyun

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MDPI and ACS Style

Prol, F.S.; Hoque, M.M.; Hernández-Pajares, M.; Yuan, L.; Olivares-Pulido, G.; von Engeln, A.; Marquardt, C.; Notarpietro, R. Study of Ionospheric Bending Angle and Scintillation Profiles Derived by GNSS Radio-Occultation with MetOp-A Satellite. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061663

AMA Style

Prol FS, Hoque MM, Hernández-Pajares M, Yuan L, Olivares-Pulido G, von Engeln A, Marquardt C, Notarpietro R. Study of Ionospheric Bending Angle and Scintillation Profiles Derived by GNSS Radio-Occultation with MetOp-A Satellite. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(6):1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061663

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prol, Fabricio S., M. Mainul Hoque, Manuel Hernández-Pajares, Liangliang Yuan, Germán Olivares-Pulido, Axel von Engeln, Christian Marquardt, and Riccardo Notarpietro. 2023. "Study of Ionospheric Bending Angle and Scintillation Profiles Derived by GNSS Radio-Occultation with MetOp-A Satellite" Remote Sensing 15, no. 6: 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061663

APA Style

Prol, F. S., Hoque, M. M., Hernández-Pajares, M., Yuan, L., Olivares-Pulido, G., von Engeln, A., Marquardt, C., & Notarpietro, R. (2023). Study of Ionospheric Bending Angle and Scintillation Profiles Derived by GNSS Radio-Occultation with MetOp-A Satellite. Remote Sensing, 15(6), 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061663

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