Identification of the Initial Anthesis of Soybean Varieties Based on UAV Multispectral Time-Series Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. UAV Data
- Flight Observation
- 2.
- Spectral Index Extraction
- 3.
- Spectral Index Fitting Function
2.2.2. Crop Growth Indicators
2.2.3. Phenology Records and Meteorological Data
2.2.4. Accuracy Evaluation Indicators
3. Results
3.1. Statistical Analysis of IADAS
3.2. Temporal Dynamics of Crop Growth and Spectral Indices Associated with Flowering Time
3.3. Identifying IADAS with FDmax of CIred Edge-Fitting Curves
3.3.1. Fitting the CIred Edge Curve
3.3.2. Identification of IADAS Based on the FDmax of the Fitted CIred Edge Curves
3.4. Identifying the IADAS Based on Relative Thresholds of Fitted CIred Edge Curves
3.4.1. Identifying Soybean IADAS Based on a Single Relative Threshold for All Varieties
3.4.2. Identifying IADAS by Using Different Relative Thresholds for Early, Middle and Late Anthesis Varieties
4. Discussion
4.1. Merits of CIred Edge Temporal Curves in Soybean IADAS Identification
4.2. Comparison of Methods for IADAS Identification
4.3. Variations of Soybean IADAS under Different Climatic Conditions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Band Name | Center Wavelength (nm) | Band Width (nm) |
---|---|---|
Visible light (RGB) | - | - |
Blue | 450 | 16 |
Green | 560 | 16 |
Red | 650 | 16 |
Red edge | 730 | 16 |
Near-infrared | 840 | 26 |
Vegetation Index | Calculation Formula | Reference |
---|---|---|
Normalized-Difference Vegetation Index | NDVI = (NIR − R)/(NIR + R) | [42] |
Green Normalized-Difference Vegetation Index | GNDVI = (NIR − G)/(NIR + G) | [43] |
Enhanced Vegetation Index | EVI = 2.5[(NIR − R)/(NIR + 6R − 7.5B + 1)] | [44] |
Two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index | EVI2 = 2.5[(NIR − R)/(NIR + 2.4R + 1)] | [45] |
Normalized-Difference Red-Edge Index | NDRE = (NIR − RE)/(NIR + RE) | [46] |
Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index | CIred edge = (NIR/RE) − 1 | [47] |
Site | Number of Plots | Minimum | Mean | Maximum | Standard Deviation | Variance | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SJZ | 220 | 26 | 34.73 | 47 | 5.09 | 25.88 | 14.65 |
XZ | 110 | 26 | 37.98 | 50 | 6.76 | 45.72 | 17.80 |
Site | Number of Plots | Fitting Functions | R2 | RMSE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Mean | Maximum | Minimum | Mean | Maximum | |||
SJZ | 220 | SGF | 0.885 | 0.949 | 0.997 | 0.012 | 0.050 | 0.084 |
AGF | 0.920 | 0.972 | 0.998 | 0.013 | 0.042 | 0.071 | ||
DLF | 0.905 | 0.971 | 0.998 | 0.011 | 0.033 | 0.058 | ||
FF | 0.921 | 0.973 | 0.998 | 0.014 | 0.041 | 0.073 | ||
XZ | 110 | SGF | 0.812 | 0.921 | 0.982 | 0.030 | 0.091 | 0.182 |
AGF | 0.823 | 0.967 | 0.994 | 0.029 | 0.061 | 0.122 | ||
DLF | 0.842 | 0.969 | 0.996 | 0.021 | 0.047 | 0.099 | ||
FF | 0.867 | 0.969 | 0.994 | 0.033 | 0.059 | 0.112 |
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Pan, D.; Li, C.; Yang, G.; Ren, P.; Ma, Y.; Chen, W.; Feng, H.; Chen, R.; Chen, X.; Li, H. Identification of the Initial Anthesis of Soybean Varieties Based on UAV Multispectral Time-Series Images. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 5413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225413
Pan D, Li C, Yang G, Ren P, Ma Y, Chen W, Feng H, Chen R, Chen X, Li H. Identification of the Initial Anthesis of Soybean Varieties Based on UAV Multispectral Time-Series Images. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(22):5413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225413
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Di, Changchun Li, Guijun Yang, Pengting Ren, Yuanyuan Ma, Weinan Chen, Haikuan Feng, Riqiang Chen, Xin Chen, and Heli Li. 2023. "Identification of the Initial Anthesis of Soybean Varieties Based on UAV Multispectral Time-Series Images" Remote Sensing 15, no. 22: 5413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225413