Analysis of Ionospheric Anomalies before the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Ionospheric Data
2.2. Space Weather and Geophysical Activity Index
2.3. Sliding Interquartile Range
2.4. NeuralProphet
2.5. Wavelet Transform
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- On 5, 6, 8, 9, 14 and 15 January, ionospheric TEC anomalies were detected at TONG, LAUT and SAMO stations, and most of them were negative anomalies. Combining the space weather parameters and applying the cross-wavelet transform and wavelet coherence spectral analysis, we ruled out the effects of solar activity and geomagnetic disturbances. Using the simulated data of neutral winds, we exclude the effect of lower atmospheric forcing. It is tentatively concluded that the negative TEC anomaly detected by the three GNSS stations on 5 January is related to the volcanic eruption.
- (2)
- Based on the CODE GIM data, we apply the sliding interquartile range method to detect a negative anomaly in the global ionospheric TEC on 5 January only near the center of the volcanic eruption, with the maximum anomaly exceeding 6 TECUs, which further confirms that the TEC anomaly on 5 January is closely related to the volcanic eruption.
- (3)
- The sequence of latitude–time–TEC variations along the 175°W meridian shows that the equatorial anomaly wave peaks moved significantly toward the South Pole from the local afternoon to the night from the beginning of the 1st to the 3rd, and the equatorial anomaly double peaks began to decrease from the 4th and disappeared and merged into a single wave by the 7th. The O/N2 data show that the neutral component did not contribute much to the ionospheric variations on the 5 January.
- (4)
- TONG station shows a decrease in the peak of the diurnal ionosphere by nearly 10 TECU from the 4th local time, while only one diurnal peak occurs on the 4th (i.e., 5 January UT), while all other dates of TONG station show a significant ionospheric DDM. Based on the FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 occultation electron density data, we find an Es phenomenon in the ionosphere near the eruption of the volcano on 5 January (UT), with an extreme value of nearly 7.5 × 105 el/cm3 at an altitude of 100–130 km well above the peak of the F2 layer of the ionosphere. Whether these two phenomena are related to the volcanic eruption needs to be explored in depth with more cases.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feng, J.; Yuan, Y.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Z.; Meng, D. Analysis of Ionospheric Anomalies before the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194879
Feng J, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Meng D. Analysis of Ionospheric Anomalies before the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(19):4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194879
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Jiandi, Yunbin Yuan, Ting Zhang, Zhihao Zhang, and Di Meng. 2023. "Analysis of Ionospheric Anomalies before the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022" Remote Sensing 15, no. 19: 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194879