An InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase in Mining Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Basic Theory of InSAR and Probability Integration Method
2.1.1. INSAR Technology
2.1.2. Basic Theory of PIM
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase
2.2.2. Subsidence Calculation Method Combined with Retrieved Phase with the Displacement Vector Depression Angle Model
3. Applicability Analysis and Simulation Experiment
3.1. Applicability of InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase
3.2. Simulation Experiment
4. Real Data Experiment and Analysis
4.1. Study Area and Data
4.2. Experiment I: Phase Retrieval Based on PIM
4.2.1. DInSAR Data Processing
4.2.2. Phase Retrieval Based on PIM
4.3. Experiment II: Phase Retrieval Based on GNSS-RTK
4.3.1. GNSS-RTK Data Processing
4.3.2. Phase Retrieval based on GNSS-RTK
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Discussion
5.2. Conclusions
- (1)
- The reference phase retrieval method effectively mitigates the deformation gradient between adjacent pixels, ameliorating the phase unwrapping challenge and establishing a theoretical basis for phase retrieval.
- (2)
- Experimental findings reveal that the performance of the reference phase retrieval method is influenced by factors including SAR resolution, radar wavelength, deformation gradient, registration accuracy, and resampling. L-band SAR data with higher resolution exhibited superior capabilities in reducing phase retrieval errors.
- (3)
- In Experiment I, the reference phase retrieval method, predicated on PIM and integrated with the depression model, accurately computed surface subsidence along the strike main section. Verification against leveling data yielded an RMSE of 0.05 m. In comparison, the corresponding prediction accuracy of PIM was 0.065 m. This method achieved a 23.1% enhancement in monitoring accuracy. In Experiment II, the RMSE of the subsidence difference calculated using GNSS-RTK and PIM as reference phases, compared to the measured values, stood at 41 mm and 80 mm, respectively. The former shows a 48.8% improvement in accuracy compared to the latter. These results underscore the applicability of the reference phase retrieval method for InSAR deformation phase retrieval in mining areas characterized by significant deformation gradients.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclatures
radar wavelength (m) | |
maximum deformation gradient | |
the edge length of the pixel (m) | |
surface subsidence (m) | |
horizontal movement (m) | |
maximum subsidence (m) | |
subsidence on the strike main section (m) | |
subsidence on the dip main section (m) | |
horizontal movement on the strike main section (m) | |
horizontal movement on the dip main section (m) | |
direction with the maximum horizontal movement (m) | |
tangent of the main influence angle | |
, | tangents of the main influence angle in the uphill and downhill directions |
average mining depth (m) | |
, | mining depth in the uphill and downhill directions (m) |
, | inflection point offset on the strike main section. When s1 = s2, denoted as S (m) |
, | inflection point offset on the dip main section. When s1 = s2, denoted as (m) |
coal seam dip angle (°) | |
the propagation angle of the mining influence (°) | |
horizontal movement coefficient | |
, | horizontal movement coefficients in the uphill and downhill directions |
, | LOS phase corresponding to subsidence and horizontal movement (rad) |
radar incidence angle (°) | |
the angle between azimuth of the LOS and the horizontal movement vector (°) | |
, | actual phase and reference phase (rad) |
, | actual wrapped phase and reference wrapped phase (rad, [, ]) |
, | integer ambiguities of the actual deformation phase and the reference phase |
residual phase of the interferogram (i.e., difference between actual phase and the reference) | |
depression angle of the displacement vector at x on the strike main section (°, (0, 90]) | |
deformation vector | |
horizontal movement vector | |
subsidence vector | |
LOS deformation vector | |
vector angle between the surface deformation vector and the LOS direction (°) | |
subsidence difference between adjacent pixels (m) | |
phase difference between adjacent pixels (rad) | |
, | vertical deformation and horizontal deformation monitored by GNSS-RTK (m) |
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Wang, Z.; Dai, H.; Yan, Y.; Ren, J.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, J. An InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase in Mining Areas. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 4573. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184573
Wang Z, Dai H, Yan Y, Ren J, Zhang Y, Liu J. An InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase in Mining Areas. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(18):4573. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184573
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhihong, Huayang Dai, Yueguan Yan, Jintong Ren, Yanjun Zhang, and Jibo Liu. 2023. "An InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase in Mining Areas" Remote Sensing 15, no. 18: 4573. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184573
APA StyleWang, Z., Dai, H., Yan, Y., Ren, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2023). An InSAR Deformation Phase Retrieval Method Combined with Reference Phase in Mining Areas. Remote Sensing, 15(18), 4573. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184573