Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Algorithm to Retrieve FUI
2.3. Calculation of Linear Trend
2.4. Empirical Orthogonal Function Decomposition
3. Results
3.1. Climatological Annual Mean FUI
3.2. Overall Variability of FUI
3.3. Seasonal Variations of FUI
3.4. Long-Term Trends and Interannual Variations of FUI
4. Discussion
4.1. Mechanisms for the Seasonal Variations of FUI
4.2. Factors Affecting the Interannual Variations of FUI
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The climatological annual mean FUI shows a decreasing trend from nearshore to offshore waters. Meanwhile, the patterns of overall FUI variability are similar to the multiyear mean FUI map and primarily dominated by the strength of seasonal components;
- (2)
- The seasonal patterns of FUI in the Bohai and Yellow Seas demonstrate lower values in summer and higher values in winter. These seasonal variations in color can be attributed to the sediment resuspension process, which responds to the annual cycles of wind field, SST, and ocean stratification;
- (3)
- Based on linear regression analysis, we observe a decreasing trend in the FUI series within the three bays of the Bohai Sea, while the central Yellow Sea experiences an increase in FUI during the study period. The interannual FUI variability is more pronounced in nearshore areas and less prominent in offshore regions. It is influenced by multiple physical and environmental factors, including surface winds, SST, rainfall, and anthropogenic activities. In addition, the interannual variations of FUI in the Bohai Sea are not directly related to the changes in runoff and sediment discharge of the Yellow River;
- (4)
- At the interannual timescale, a significant decline in the annual mean FUI is identified in the three bays of the Bohai Sea during 2010–2019, and is likely attributed to the marine conservation strategy implemented by the Chinese government and the influence of climate-driven increased SST. In the central Yellow Sea, the interannual variations of FUI are primarily controlled by fluctuations in rainfall and land-sourced nutrient emissions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, B.; Guo, J.; Rong, Z.; Lv, X. Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3487. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143487
Zhang B, Guo J, Rong Z, Lv X. Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(14):3487. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143487
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Baohua, Junting Guo, Zengrui Rong, and Xianqing Lv. 2023. "Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019" Remote Sensing 15, no. 14: 3487. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143487