An Efficient Method for Detection and Quantitation of Underwater Gas Leakage Based on a 300-kHz Multibeam Sonar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Volume-Scattering Model of Gas Leakage
- : Density ratio of a gas bubble and water () (dimensionless);
- : Sound speed ratio of a gas bubble and water () (dimensionless);
- : Wavenumber in a gas bubble () (m );
- : The spherical Bessel function of the first kind;
- : The spherical Hankel function of the first kind;
- : The derivative of the spherical Bessel function of the first kind;
- : The derivative of the spherical Hankel function of the first kind.
2.2. Bubble Size Distribution Estimation Model
2.3. Volume-Scattering Strength of a Gas Leakage Measured by Multibeam Sonar
3. Case Study
3.1. Field Study Area
3.2. Data Acquisition and Processing
3.3. Gas Leakage Quantitation
4. Experimental Results and Discussion
4.1. Gas Leakage Localization
4.2. Bubble Size Distribution
4.3. Flow Rate Estimation
4.4. Seabed Sidelobe Effect and Smearing Effect in Multibeam Sonar
4.5. Proposed Method Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Integrated Navigation System | Positioning Accuracy |
---|---|
INU + GPS-Assisted | 5–15 m |
INU + Difference GPS-Assisted | 0.5–3 m |
INU + RTK Difference GPS-Assisted | 0.02–0.05 m |
INU + DVL-Assisted | 0.2% of the sailing distance |
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Zhang, W.; Zhou, T.; Li, J.; Xu, C. An Efficient Method for Detection and Quantitation of Underwater Gas Leakage Based on a 300-kHz Multibeam Sonar. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174301
Zhang W, Zhou T, Li J, Xu C. An Efficient Method for Detection and Quantitation of Underwater Gas Leakage Based on a 300-kHz Multibeam Sonar. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(17):4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174301
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Wanyuan, Tian Zhou, Jianghui Li, and Chao Xu. 2022. "An Efficient Method for Detection and Quantitation of Underwater Gas Leakage Based on a 300-kHz Multibeam Sonar" Remote Sensing 14, no. 17: 4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174301
APA StyleZhang, W., Zhou, T., Li, J., & Xu, C. (2022). An Efficient Method for Detection and Quantitation of Underwater Gas Leakage Based on a 300-kHz Multibeam Sonar. Remote Sensing, 14(17), 4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174301