Changes in Land Relief in Urbanised Areas Using Laser Scanning and Archival Data on the Example of Łódź (Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Historical Model
3.2. The Contemporary Model
4. Results
4.1. General Patterns of Relief Changes
4.2. Elevations Resulting from the Construction or Demolition of Buildings
4.3. Changes in Relief Related to the Establishment and Operation of Railways and Roads
4.4. Changes in Surface Topography in Areas of Former River Valleys
4.5. Changes in Surface Topography on Sites of Former Brickyards, Gravel Pits, Waste Dumps
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- ▪
- In the city centre, the changes in surface relief were minimal. This may be interpreted by the fact that 100 years ago, the downtown area was already in the final stage of urbanisation. Only a few areas—Łódź Fabryczna railway station and Dąbrowskiego square—underwent visible transformations;
- ▪
- Changes in the relief were the result of road and railway investments in the city (viaducts, tunnels, excavations, trenches);
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- Changes in surface topography in the former river valley areas resulted from the redirection of water into canals and the creation of ponds for the recreation of the inhabitants in the valley areas;
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- The changes in surface topography in the areas of former brickyards, gravel pits and waste dumps are a result of land levelling and their use, as for example, allotment gardens;
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- Changes in the relief resulted from the construction or demolition of buildings (new housing developments, demolition of post-industrial buildings).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jaskulski, M.; Jażdżewska, I.; Szmidt, A. Changes in Land Relief in Urbanised Areas Using Laser Scanning and Archival Data on the Example of Łódź (Poland). Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 2961. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14132961
Jaskulski M, Jażdżewska I, Szmidt A. Changes in Land Relief in Urbanised Areas Using Laser Scanning and Archival Data on the Example of Łódź (Poland). Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(13):2961. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14132961
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaskulski, Marcin, Iwona Jażdżewska, and Aleksander Szmidt. 2022. "Changes in Land Relief in Urbanised Areas Using Laser Scanning and Archival Data on the Example of Łódź (Poland)" Remote Sensing 14, no. 13: 2961. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14132961
APA StyleJaskulski, M., Jażdżewska, I., & Szmidt, A. (2022). Changes in Land Relief in Urbanised Areas Using Laser Scanning and Archival Data on the Example of Łódź (Poland). Remote Sensing, 14(13), 2961. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14132961