Suspected Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies before Three Major Earthquakes Detected by GIMs and GPS TEC of Permanent Stations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Earthquake Data
2.2. Solar-Geomagnetic Data
2.3. GIMs and GPS-TEC Data
2.4. Anomaly Analysis Method
3. Results and Description
3.1. Kumamoto-shi Earthquake
3.2. Jinghe, China Earthquake
3.3. Lagunas, Peru Earthquake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The negative ionospheric anomalies observed within 10 days before the main shock could be considered significant signals of upcoming EQs. In the analysis of the three EQ cases, we found significant negative ionospheric anomalies with TEC reaching −3 TECu before the main shock. On the day of Jinghe EQ and Lagunas EQ, the negative ionospheric anomaly clouds linger over or near the epicenter for 4–10 h, under quiet solar-geomagnetic conditions (Kp < 4, Dst > −30 nT, and F10.7 < 100 SFU). In the case study of the Kumamoto-shi, Japan EQ, on the day of the EQ, the negative ionospheric anomalies are observed under active solar-geomagnetic conditions and are significantly different from those caused by the same solar-geomagnetic conditions.
- The negative ionospheric anomalies are more prominent during 5 days before to 2 days after the EQ than the other days. In the analysis of three EQ cases, negative ionospheric anomalies were found with RTEC exceeding 20% during this period. These ionospheric anomalies manifest a significant temporal correlation with the main shock.
- Ionospheric TEC responds differently to various solar-geomagnetic conditions. In the case study of Kumamoto-shi, Japan EQ, abnormal ionospheric TEC enhancement appears under active solar-geomagnetic conditions (Kp > 4, Dst < −30 nT, and F10.7 > 100 SFU) 2 days before the main shock and the abnormal amplitude reaches 5 TECu. Similar TEC variations also appear in the research of Jinghe EQ on the 4th day before the main shock with amplitude reaching 10 TECu, under active geomagnetic conditions (Kp > 4 and Dst < −30 nT). On 15 April 2016 and 17–18 August 2017, the ionospheric TEC enhancement did not occur, even though the solar-geomagnetic conditions are still active.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EQ | Date and Time | Mw | Depth (km) | Lat | Long |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumamoto-shi, Japan | 15 April 2016 16:25:06 UTC | 7.0 | 10.0 | 32.791°N | 130.754°E |
Jinghe, China | 8 August 2017 23:27:53 UTC | 6.3 | 20.0 | 44.302°N | 82.832°E |
Lagunas, Peru | 26 May 2019 07:41:15 UTC | 8.0 | 122.6 | 5.812°S | 75.270°W |
EQ Location | GNSS Station | Pre EQ Day | Post EQ Day |
---|---|---|---|
AIRA (31.822°N, 130.600°E) | −8 | +6 | |
Kumamoto-shi, Japan | DAEJ (36.400°N, 127.374°E) | −8 | +5 |
SMST (33.575°N, 135.9342°E) | −8 | +7 | |
XJDS (44.313°N, 84.884°E) | −10 | +2 | |
Jinhe, China | XJXY (43.396°N, 83.256°E) | −10 | +6 |
XJYN (43.9745°N, 81.5262°E) | −10 | +2 | |
BOGT (4.6410°N, 74.083°W) | −10 | +7 | |
Kumamoto-shi, Japan | POVE (8.709°S, 63.895°W) | −9 | +8 |
RIOP (1.650°S, 78.649°W) | −9 | +2 |
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Dong, Y.; Gao, C.; Long, F.; Yan, Y. Suspected Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies before Three Major Earthquakes Detected by GIMs and GPS TEC of Permanent Stations. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010020
Dong Y, Gao C, Long F, Yan Y. Suspected Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies before Three Major Earthquakes Detected by GIMs and GPS TEC of Permanent Stations. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010020
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Yanfeng, Chengfa Gao, Fengyang Long, and Yuxiang Yan. 2022. "Suspected Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies before Three Major Earthquakes Detected by GIMs and GPS TEC of Permanent Stations" Remote Sensing 14, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010020