Using Sentinel-2 Images for Soil Organic Carbon Content Mapping in Croplands of Southwestern France. The Usefulness of Sentinel-1/2 Derived Moisture Maps and Mismatches between Sentinel Images and Sampling Dates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Samples
2.3. Dataset Acquisition
2.3.1. Sentinel-2 Time Series
2.3.2. Soil Moisture Products and Climate Data
2.3.3. Digital Terrain Attributes
2.4. SOC Content Prediction Models
3. Results
3.1. Sentinel-2 Prediction Performance Variability and Relationships with Soil Attributes
3.2. S2 and SMP Prediction Performance
3.3. Spatial Prediction and Characteristics of SOC Maps
4. Discussion
4.1. Optimal Dates and Characteristics of S2 Images and Sampling Periods for SOC Prediction
4.2. Impact of Soil Moisture
4.3. Influence of Digital Terrain Attributes on the Predicted SOC Map
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Image Date | S2 Tile | Time of Acquisition (u.t gmt) | Viewing Incidence Zenith Angle (°) | Sun Azimuth (°) | Sun Elevation (°) | Cloud/Shadow Cover by Tuile (%) | Cloud/Shadow Cover of Study Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 April 2017 | T30TYN | 10:53:17 | <4,5 | 154.6 | 51.2 | 4 | 13.12 |
T30TYP | 10:53:17 | <5.9 | 155.1 | 50.5 | 6 | ||
T31TCH | 10:53:17 | <4.3 | 156.3 | 51.6 | 3 | ||
T31TCJ | 10:53:17 | <3.3 | 156.6 | 50.7 | 11 | ||
16 May 2017 | T30TYN | 10:53:22 | <4.5 | 148.8 | 63.5 | 23 | 5.51 |
T30TYP | 10:53:22 | <5.7 | 149.7 | 62.8 | 0 | ||
T31TCH | 10:53:22 | ≤4.3 | 151.0 | 63.9 | 18 | ||
T31TCJ | 10:53:22 | ≤3.3 | 151.7 | 63.1 | 2 | ||
26 May 2017 | T30TYN | 10:55:18 | <4.5 | 146.5 | 65.3 | 9 | 7.15 |
T30TYP | 10:55:18 | ≤5.8 | 147.5 | 64.5 | 0 | ||
T31TCH | 10:55:18 | ≤4.3 | 148.8 | 65.7 | 21 | ||
T31TCJ | 10:55:18 | ≤3.3 | 149.6 | 64.9 | 1 | ||
21 April 2018 | T30TYN | 10:56:29 | <4.4 | 153.1 | 56.6 | 14 | 4.79 |
T30TYP | 10:56:29 | <5.7 | 153.7 | 55.8 | 1 | ||
T31TCH | 10:56:29 | <4.2 | 155.0 | 59.9 | 3 | ||
T31TCJ | 10:56:29 | <3.2 | 155.4 | 56.0 | 4 | ||
11 May 2018 | T30TYN | 10:58:04 | <4.4 | 149.9 | 62.4 | 3 | 2.33 |
T30TYP | 10:58:04 | <5.7 | 150.7 | 61.6 | 0 | ||
T31TCH | 10:58:04 | <4.2 | 152.0 | 62.7 | 4 | ||
T31TCJ | 10:58:04 | <3.2 | 152.7 | 61.9 | 0 | ||
21 May 2018 | T30TYN | 10:57:02 | <4.4 | 147.7 | 64.5 | 71 | 30.09 |
T30TYP | 10:57:02 | <5.7 | 148.7 | 63.7 | 11 | ||
T31TCH | 10:57:02 | <4.2 | 150.0 | 64.9 | 72 | ||
T31TCJ | 10:57:02 | <3.2 | 150.7 | 64.0 | 20 |
Spectral Band | Spectral Domain | Central Wavelength (nm) | Bandwidth (nm) | Spatial Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B2 | Vis (blue) | 490 | 65 | 10 |
B3 | Vis (Green) | 560 | 35 | 10 |
B4 | Vis (Red) | 665 | 30 | 10 |
B5 | R-edge | 705 | 15 | 20 |
B6 | R-edge | 740 | 15 | 20 |
B7 | R-edge | 783 | 20 | 20 |
B8 | NIR | 842 | 115 | 10 |
B8A | NIR | 865 | 20 | 20 |
B11 | SWIR | 1610 | 90 | 20 |
B12 | SWIR | 2190 | 180 | 20 |
S2 Acquisition Date (ds2) | SM Date (DSM) | DSM—DS2 (Days) | SMP Cover in the Study Area (%) | Total SMP Cover * (%) | Rainfall S2 (mm) ** | Previous Rain Events (mm) *** | Rainfall SMP (mm) **** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 April 2017 | 7 April 2017 | 1 | 32.62 | 2.40 | 0 | 2.9 | 0 |
16 May 2017 | 19 May 2017 | 3 | 22.64 | 2.13 | 0 | 6.3 | 59 |
26 May 2017 | 25 May 2017 | 1 | 32.61 | 2.48 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21 April 2018 | 19 April 2018 | 2 | 12.05 | 1.98 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 May 2018 | 13 May 2018 | 2 | 18.14 | 2.72 | 0 | 0 | 58 |
21 May 2018 | 20 May 2018 | 1 | 23.53 | 2.90 | 1.2 | 2 | 1 |
SOC (g.kg−1) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-2 Date | Soil Sampling Periods | NS | R2CV | RMSECV (g.kg−1) | RPDCV | RPIQCV | NC | Min | Me | Max | SD | Skw | Kr | |
6 April 2017 | 2005–2018 | 187 | 0.48 | 6.74 | 1.4 | 1.07 | 6 | 2.4 | 10.1 | 13.7 | 53.1 | 9.45 | 2 | 6.95 |
2010–2018 | 165 | 0.52 | 6.82 | 1.46 | 1.08 | 6 | 2.4 | 10 | 14 | 53.1 | 9.94 | 1.92 | 6.2 | |
2015–2018 | 132 | 0.64 | 5.42 | 1.7 | 1.25 | 7 | 2.4 | 9.4 | 13.1 | 53.1 | 9.13 | 2 | 6.9 | |
2016–2018 | 98 | 0.7 | 5.58 | 1.83 | 1.68 | 7 | 5.03 | 9.1 | 14.14 | 53.1 | 10.2 | 1.73 | 5.26 | |
16 May 2017 | 2005–2018 | 195 | 0.36 | 6.48 | 1.26 | 0.96 | 4 | 0.94 | 9.6 | 12.6 | 53.1 | 8.15 | 2.28 | 8.7 |
2010–2018 | 163 | 0.45 | 6.32 | 1.36 | 0.9 | 6 | 2.4 | 9.5 | 12.84 | 53.1 | 8.6 | 2.25 | 8.15 | |
2015–2018 | 130 | 0.58 | 5.93 | 1.55 | 0.95 | 6 | 2.4 | 9.2 | 12.89 | 53.1 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 7.6 | |
2016–2018 | 95 | 0.68 | 5.82 | 1.78 | 1.43 | 6 | 5.03 | 9.16 | 14 | 53.1 | 10.3 | 1.84 | 5.6 | |
26 May 2017 | 2005–2018 | 199 | 0.4 | 6.51 | 1.3 | 1.06 | 4 | 0.94 | 9.62 | 13.09 | 53.1 | 8.5 | 1.95 | 6.8 |
2010–2018 | 169 | 0.48 | 6.39 | 1.4 | 1.17 | 4 | 2.4 | 9.5 | 13.45 | 53.1 | 8.9 | 1.87 | 6.21 | |
2015–2018 | 134 | 0.59 | 6.12 | 1.56 | 1.24 | 4 | 2.4 | 9.32 | 13.57 | 53.1 | 9.5 | 1.81 | 5.71 | |
2016–2018 | 100 | 0.65 | 6.17 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 5 | 5 | 9.33 | 14.7 | 53.1 | 10.5 | 1.51 | 4.4 | |
21 April 2018 | 2005–2018 | 204 | 0.35 | 9.16 | 1.25 | 0.72 | 6 | 0.8 | 10 | 13.9 | 89.8 | 11.4 | 3.24 | 16.8 |
2010–2018 | 182 | 0.37 | 8.72 | 1.27 | 0.75 | 6 | 0.8 | 10 | 13.8 | 89.8 | 11 | 3.15 | 16.7 | |
2015–2018 | 148 | 0.56 | 5.78 | 1.51 | 1.12 | 5 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 13 | 53.1 | 8.71 | 2.15 | 7.66 | |
2016–2018 | 122 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 1.6 | 1.14 | 5 | 5.01 | 9.9 | 13.5 | 53.1 | 9.22 | 2 | 6.82 | |
11 May 2018 | 2005–2018 | 236 | 0.37 | 6.09 | 1.27 | 1.07 | 4 | 0.8 | 10.42 | 12.84 | 53.1 | 7.73 | 2.09 | 8.35 |
2010–2018 | 208 | 0.42 | 6 | 1.32 | 1.07 | 4 | 0.8 | 10.3 | 12.96 | 53.1 | 7.98 | 2.1 | 8.13 | |
2015–2018 | 171 | 0.58 | 5.42 | 1.56 | 1.26 | 5 | 2.4 | 10.3 | 13.2 | 53.1 | 8.43 | 2.07 | 7.56 | |
2016–2018 | 135 | 0.66 | 5.22 | 1.73 | 1.53 | 6 | 4.21 | 10.6 | 13.98 | 53.1 | 9 | 1.89 | 6.46 | |
21 May 2018 | 2005–2018 | 202 | 0.36 | 6.47 | 1.26 | 1 | 4 | 2.4 | 10.7 | 13.45 | 53.1 | 8.13 | 2.11 | 7.93 |
2010–2018 | 183 | 0.36 | 6.6 | 1.26 | 1 | 6 | 2.4 | 10.6 | 13.5 | 53.1 | 8.36 | 2.11 | 7.72 | |
2015–2018 | 152 | 0.47 | 6.44 | 1.38 | 1.15 | 6 | 2.4 | 10.6 | 13.85 | 53.1 | 8.9 | 1.9 | 6.87 | |
2016–2018 | 123 | 0.55 | 6.35 | 1.5 | 1.36 | 6 | 5.25 | 10.8 | 14.63 | 53.1 | 9.5 | 1.8 | 5.85 |
SOC (g.kg−1) | Soil Moisture (Vol.%) | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM Date | NS | MD | R2CV | RMSECV (g.kg−1) | RPDCV | RPIQCV | NC | Min | Me | Max | SD | Skw | Kr | Min | Me | Max | ||
7 April 2017 | 84 | No | 0.66 | 5.67 | 1.75 | 1.52 | 7 | 5.48 | 9.1 | 14 | 53.1 | 9.9 | 1.82 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 17.8 | 17.2 | 24.6 |
Yes | 0.66 | 5.66 | 1.75 | 1.53 | 8 | |||||||||||||
19 May 2017 | 69 | No | 0.67 | 6.07 | 1.77 | 1.77 | 5 | 5.03 | 10.5 | 15 | 53.1 | 10.7 | 1.63 | 4.9 | 9 | 22.2 | 21.6 | 28 |
Yes | 0.67 | 6.1 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 6 | |||||||||||||
25 May 2017 | 87 | No | 0.64 | 6.45 | 1.67 | 1.73 | 5 | 5.48 | 10.2 | 15 | 53.1 | 10.7 | 1.44 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 13 | 12.6 | 19.2 |
Yes | 0.63 | 6.54 | 1.65 | 1.7 | 7 | |||||||||||||
19 April 2018 | 66 | No | 0.62 | 6.72 | 1.63 | 1.46 | 4 | 5.01 | 13.6 | 17 | 53.1 | 10.9 | 1.26 | 3.8 | 8.8 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 26.4 |
Yes | 0.6 | 6.82 | 1.6 | 1.44 | 5 | |||||||||||||
13 May 2018 | 79 | No | 0.76 | 5 | 2.06 | 1.9 | 3 | 4.21 | 13.8 | 17 | 53.1 | 10.4 | 1.27 | 4.1 | 17.4 | 28 | 27.6 | 35.2 |
Yes | 0.76 | 5.1 | 2.03 | 1.87 | 4 | |||||||||||||
20 May 2018 | 89 | No | 0.55 | 6.37 | 1.5 | 1.58 | 7 | 5.25 | 12.3 | 15 | 53.1 | 9.5 | 1.7 | 5.9 | 9.8 | 22.4 | 22.3 | 29 |
Yes | 0.58 | 6.12 | 1.56 | 1.65 | 7 |
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Urbina-Salazar, D.; Vaudour, E.; Baghdadi, N.; Ceschia, E.; Richer-de-Forges, A.C.; Lehmann, S.; Arrouays, D. Using Sentinel-2 Images for Soil Organic Carbon Content Mapping in Croplands of Southwestern France. The Usefulness of Sentinel-1/2 Derived Moisture Maps and Mismatches between Sentinel Images and Sampling Dates. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 5115. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245115
Urbina-Salazar D, Vaudour E, Baghdadi N, Ceschia E, Richer-de-Forges AC, Lehmann S, Arrouays D. Using Sentinel-2 Images for Soil Organic Carbon Content Mapping in Croplands of Southwestern France. The Usefulness of Sentinel-1/2 Derived Moisture Maps and Mismatches between Sentinel Images and Sampling Dates. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(24):5115. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245115
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrbina-Salazar, Diego, Emmanuelle Vaudour, Nicolas Baghdadi, Eric Ceschia, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Sébastien Lehmann, and Dominique Arrouays. 2021. "Using Sentinel-2 Images for Soil Organic Carbon Content Mapping in Croplands of Southwestern France. The Usefulness of Sentinel-1/2 Derived Moisture Maps and Mismatches between Sentinel Images and Sampling Dates" Remote Sensing 13, no. 24: 5115. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245115