Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Quality in Qaidam Basin Based on the Ecological Index (MRSEI) and GEE
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sources and Research Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. MRSEI
2.3.1. Selection and Calculation of Ecological Factor Indices
2.3.2. Normalization
2.3.3. PCA
2.4. Landsat_SR Preprocessing in the GEE
2.4.1. Cloud Mask Processing
2.4.2. Mask for Water and Snow
2.4.3. Image Synthesis Method
2.5. Average Correlation Model
2.6. Trend Analysis Method
3. Research Results
3.1. Model Test
3.2. Annual Mean Value and Spatial Distribution of the MRSEI in the Qaidam Basin
3.3. Trend and Rate of Change in the MRSEI in Different Time Periods
4. Driving Factors
4.1. Change Characteristics of Climate Factors
4.2. Correlation Analysis between the MRSEI and Climatic Factors
4.3. Change Characteristics of Human Activities
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor Type | Landsat Collections | Filter Date | Bands |
---|---|---|---|
Landsat 5 ETM | Collection 1_Surface Reflectance | 1985–2011, July(01)~August(31) | B(1~7) |
Landsat 7 ETM+ | Collection 1_Surface Reflectance | 1999–2013, July(01)~August(31) | B(1~7) |
Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS | Collection 1_Surface Reflectance | 2013–2020, July(01)~August(31) | B(2~7,10) |
Index | Formula | Explanation |
---|---|---|
WET | , , represent Landsat Surface Reflectance | |
NDVI | ||
NDSI | ||
LST |
Trends | β(Sen’ Slope) | Z(M-K) |
---|---|---|
Highly significant decrease | β < 0 | |Z| ≥ 2.58 |
Significant decrease | β < 0 | 1.96 ≤ |Z| < 2.58 |
Not significant decrease | β < 0 | |Z| < 1.96 |
Not significant increase | β > 0 | |Z| < 1.96 |
Significant increase | β > 0 | 1.96 ≤ |Z| < 2.58 |
Highly significant increase | β > 0 | |Z| ≥ 2.58 |
Time | MRSEI |
---|---|
1986 | 0.677PC1 + 0.169PC2 + 0.119PC3 |
0.380WET + 0.351NDVI − 0.460NDSI − 0.147TSL | |
1996 | 0.645PC1 + 0.182PC2 + 0.136PC3 |
0.347WET + 0.353 NDVI − 0.463 NDSI − 0.098TSL | |
2006 | 0.663PC1 + 0.175PC2 + 0.132PC3 |
0.350WET + 0.375NDVI − 0.456NDSI − 0.129TSL | |
2016 | 0.633PC1 + 0.203PC2 + 0.144PC3 |
0.102WET + 0.538NDVI − 0.305NDSI − 0.262TSL | |
2019 | 0.676PC1 + 0.181PC2 + 0.126PC3 |
0.122WET + 0.534NDVI − 0.335NDSI − 0.305TSL |
Periods | Parameters | Highly Significant | Significant | Not Significant | Not Significant | Significant | Highly Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decrease | Decrease | Decrease | Increase | Increase | Increase | ||
1986–2002 | Area (km2) | 77,661.40 | 46,937.16 | 67,653.53 | 49,919.50 | 13,624.14 | 15,188.27 |
Percentage (%) | 28.66 | 17.32 | 24.97 | 18.42 | 5.03 | 5.60 | |
rates (year−1) | −6.68 | −4.81 | −2.14 | 1.86 | 4.21 | 7.08 | |
2003–2019 | Area (km2) | 21,349.61 | 19,970.51 | 73,971.14 | 81,409.64 | 29,220.53 | 45,945.41 |
Percentage (%) | 7.85 | 7.35 | 27.21 | 29.94 | 10.75 | 16.90 | |
rates (year−1) | −5.24 | −4.04 | −1.97 | 2.21 | 4.51 | 6.55 | |
1986–2019 | Area (km2) | 25,181.00 | 21,737.70 | 70,585.50 | 60,249.70 | 20,855.30 | 73,617.80 |
Percentage (%) | 9.25 | 7.99 | 25.93 | 22.13 | 7.66 | 27.04 | |
rates (year−1) | −2.57 | −1.68 | −0.82 | 0.77 | 1.62 | 3.18 |
Periods | Parameters | Decrease | Increase | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highly | Significant | Not | Highly | Significant | Not | ||
Significant | Significant | Significant | Significant | ||||
1986–2019 | Temperature | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 274,879.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Precipitation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 182,151.00 | 44,091.00 | 48,637.00 | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.27 | 16.04 | 17.69 | ||
1986–2002 | Temperature | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13,916.00 | 59,862.00 | 201,101.00 |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.06 | 21.78 | 73.16 | ||
Precipitation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 112,405.00 | 2886.00 | 27,576.00 | 132,012.00 | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 40.89 | 1.05 | 10.03 | 48.03 | ||
2003–2019 | Temperature | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6958.00 | 10,499.00 | 257,422.00 |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.53 | 3.82 | 93.65 | ||
Precipitation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33,529.00 | 98,935.00 | 142,415.00 | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.20 | 35.99 | 51.81 |
Periods | Parameters | Negative Correlation | Positive Correlation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highly | Significant | Not | Highly | Significant | Not | ||
Significant | Significant | Significant | Significant | ||||
1986–2019 | Temperature | 3153.00 | 10,208.00 | 97,198.00 | 43,622.00 | 29,404.00 | 75,241.00 |
1.22 | 3.94 | 37.55 | 16.85 | 11.36 | 29.07 | ||
Precipitation | 6123.00 | 13,967.00 | 53,245.00 | 41,199.00 | 36,517.00 | 98,607.00 | |
2.45 | 5.59 | 21.33 | 16.50 | 14.63 | 39.50 | ||
1986–2002 | Temperature | 107.00 | 1589.00 | 170,005.00 | 137.00 | 1125.00 | 91,338.00 |
0.04 | 0.60 | 64.32 | 0.05 | 0.43 | 34.56 | ||
Precipitation | 811.00 | 6269.00 | 140,781.00 | 65.00 | 1134.00 | 112,371.00 | |
0.31 | 2.40 | 53.85 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 42.98 | ||
2003–2019 | Temperature | 74.00 | 763.00 | 129,081.00 | 239.00 | 2498.00 | 129,465.00 |
0.03 | 0.29 | 49.25 | 0.09 | 0.95 | 49.39 | ||
Precipitation | 3148.00 | 9650.00 | 65,179.00 | 15,037.00 | 31,601.00 | 128,710.00 | |
1.24 | 3.81 | 25.73 | 5.94 | 12.47 | 50.81 |
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Jia, H.; Yan, C.; Xing, X. Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Quality in Qaidam Basin Based on the Ecological Index (MRSEI) and GEE. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4543. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224543
Jia H, Yan C, Xing X. Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Quality in Qaidam Basin Based on the Ecological Index (MRSEI) and GEE. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(22):4543. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224543
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Haowei, Changzhen Yan, and Xuegang Xing. 2021. "Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Quality in Qaidam Basin Based on the Ecological Index (MRSEI) and GEE" Remote Sensing 13, no. 22: 4543. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224543