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Article

Evaluation of 2-m Air Temperature and Surface Temperature from ERA5 and ERA-I Using Buoy Observations in the Arctic during 2010–2020

1
School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
2
University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
3
Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(14), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142813
Submission received: 27 May 2021 / Revised: 14 July 2021 / Accepted: 15 July 2021 / Published: 17 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polar Sea Ice: Detection, Monitoring and Modeling)

Abstract

In data-sparse regions such as the Arctic, atmospheric reanalysis is one of the key tools for understanding rapid climate change at the regional and global scales. The utility of reanalysis datasets based on data assimilation is affected by their accuracy and biases. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their performance. Here, we conduct inter-comparisons of two temperature variables, namely, the 2-m air temperature (Ta) and the surface temperature (Ts), from the widely used ERA-I and ERA5 reanalysis datasets provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) against in situ observations from three international buoy programs (i.e., the International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP), the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), and the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)) during 2010–2020 in the Arctic. Overall, the results show that both the ERA-I and ERA5 were well correlated with the buoy observations, with the highest correlation coefficient reaching 0.98. There were generally warm Ta biases for both ERA-I (2.27 ± 3.33 °C) and ERA5 (2.34 ± 3.22 °C) when compared with more than 3000 matching pairs of daily buoy observations. The warm Ta biases of both reanalysis datasets exhibited seasonal variations, reaching the maximum of 3.73 ± 2.84 °C in April and the minimum of 1.36 ± 2.51 °C in September. For Ts, both ERA-I and ERA5 exhibited good consistencies with the buoy observations, but have higher amplitude biases compared with those for Ta, with generally negative biases of −4.79 ± 4.86 °C for ERA-I and −4.11 ± 3.92 °C for ERA5. For both reanalysis datasets, the largest bias of Ts (−11.18 ± 3.08 °C) occurred in December, while the biases were rather small (less than −3 °C) in the warmer months (April to October). The cold Ts biases for ERA-I and ERA5 were probably overestimated due to the location of the surface temperature sensors on the buoys, which may have been affected by snow cover. Both the Ta and Ts biases varied for different buoy programs and different sea ice concentration conditions, yet they exhibited similar trends.
Keywords: Arctic; buoy observations; reanalysis evaluation; 2-m air temperature; surface temperature Arctic; buoy observations; reanalysis evaluation; 2-m air temperature; surface temperature

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yu, Y.; Xiao, W.; Zhang, Z.; Cheng, X.; Hui, F.; Zhao, J. Evaluation of 2-m Air Temperature and Surface Temperature from ERA5 and ERA-I Using Buoy Observations in the Arctic during 2010–2020. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142813

AMA Style

Yu Y, Xiao W, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Hui F, Zhao J. Evaluation of 2-m Air Temperature and Surface Temperature from ERA5 and ERA-I Using Buoy Observations in the Arctic during 2010–2020. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(14):2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142813

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Yining, Wanxin Xiao, Zhilun Zhang, Xiao Cheng, Fengming Hui, and Jiechen Zhao. 2021. "Evaluation of 2-m Air Temperature and Surface Temperature from ERA5 and ERA-I Using Buoy Observations in the Arctic during 2010–2020" Remote Sensing 13, no. 14: 2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142813

APA Style

Yu, Y., Xiao, W., Zhang, Z., Cheng, X., Hui, F., & Zhao, J. (2021). Evaluation of 2-m Air Temperature and Surface Temperature from ERA5 and ERA-I Using Buoy Observations in the Arctic during 2010–2020. Remote Sensing, 13(14), 2813. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142813

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