Mapping Land Surface Temperature Developments in Functional Urban Areas across Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- SUHI and heat anomalies are an increasing problem due to urbanization processes, and urban centers are particularly affected;
- Land use has similar effects on LST in all functional urban areas across Europe.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. MODIS Land Surface Temperature
2.2.2. Calculation of STI and LST Changes
2.2.3. Land Use and Land Cover
2.2.4. Calculation of CLC and LST
3. Results
3.1. LST Change
3.1.1. LST in the First Two Weeks of August in Selected FUAs
3.1.2. Development of LST Maxima from 2000 to 2020
3.2. LST of Different Land Use/Land Cover Types
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conditions | STI |
---|---|
Extremely hot | ≥2.00 |
Very hot | ≥1.50 and <2.00 |
Moderately hot | ≥1.00 and <1.50 |
Near normal | <1.00 and >−1.00 |
Moderately cold | ≤−1.00 and >−1.50 |
Very cold | ≤−1.50 and >−2.00 |
Extremely cold | ≤−2.00 |
Urban Use | Urban Use |
---|---|
Urban—urban fabric 111 Continuous urban fabric 112 Discontinuous urban fabric | Urban—industry and infrastructure 121 Industrial or commercial units 122 Road and rail and associated land 123 Port areas 124 Airports |
Non-urban artificial | Urban use |
Artificial—mineral extraction sites 131 Mineral extraction sites 132 Dump sites 133 Construction sites | Urban—urban green 141 Green urban areas 142 Sport and leisure facilities |
Agriculture | Agriculture |
211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves | 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture with natural vegetation 244 Agroforestry areas |
Forest | Terrestrial nature |
311 Broad-leaved forest 312 Coniferous forest 313 Mixed forest | 321 Natural grasslands 322 Moors and heathland 323 Sclerophyllous vegetation 324 Transitional woodland-shrub 331 Beaches, dunes, sands 332 Bare rocks 333 Sparsely vegetated areas 334 Burnt areas |
Wetlands | Water bodies |
335 Glaciers and perpetual snow 411 Inland marshes 412 Peat bogs 421 Salt marshes 422 Salines 423 Intertidal flats | 511 Water courses 512 Water bodies 521 Coastal lagoons 522 Estuaries 523 Sea and ocean |
Weeks | Month | Year |
---|---|---|
1; 2 | September | 2001 |
1; 2 | June | 2002 |
1; 2 | August | 2003 |
4; 1 | August/September | 2006 |
3; 4 | May | 2007 |
2; 3 | June | 2010 |
3; 4 | August | 2011 |
2; 3 | July | 2017 |
3; 4 | July | 2018 |
3; 4 | June | 2019 |
3; 4 | July | 2019 |
1; 2 | August | 2019 |
1; 2 | August | 2020 |
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Hellings, A.; Rienow, A. Mapping Land Surface Temperature Developments in Functional Urban Areas across Europe. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112111
Hellings A, Rienow A. Mapping Land Surface Temperature Developments in Functional Urban Areas across Europe. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(11):2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112111
Chicago/Turabian StyleHellings, Anna, and Andreas Rienow. 2021. "Mapping Land Surface Temperature Developments in Functional Urban Areas across Europe" Remote Sensing 13, no. 11: 2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112111