The 2008–2010 Subsidence of Dallol Volcano on the Spreading Erta Ale Ridge: InSAR Observations and Source Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. InSAR Processing and Time-Series
3. InSAR Modelling
3.1. Models of Reservoir Contraction
3.2. Thermomechanical Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SOURCE | Sphere | Spheroid | Penny-Shaped Crack | Dike |
---|---|---|---|---|
nRMSE | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.20 |
slope of misfit | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.004 |
Data Set | Description | Orbits | # of Pixels | Source | # of PARAMETERS | Orbits | Χv2 | RMSE (1) Semi Variogram | ΔX0 (2)m | ΔY0 (2)m | Depthm b.s.l. | Radiusm | ΔV 106 m3/Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DALLOL 1 | Original data set | T321 &T300 | 78,467 | Sphere | 5 | T321 & T300 | 14.1 | 0.31 | 1647 | 841 | 24,437 | 172 | 5.29 |
T321 & T028 | 18.2 | 0.28 | 1604 | 726 | 13,827 | 69 | 0.001 | ||||||
Spheroid | 8 | T321 & T300 | 13.0 | 0.32 | −205 | 215 | 14,814 | 1228 | 45.3 | ||||
T321 & T028 | 15.4 | 0.30 | 1630 | 821 | 17,443 | 1049 | 46.2 | ||||||
T321 &T028 | 77,008 | Penny-shaped crack | 5 | T321 & T300 | 14.0 | 0.87 | 1720 | 912 | 805 | 128 | 0.009 | ||
T321 & T028 | 18.0 | 0.27 | 1720 | 912 | 5849 | 169 | 0.45 | ||||||
Dike (3) | 8 | T321 & T300 | 10.4 | 0.22 | 1502 | 139 | 2684 | - | −0.93 | ||||
T321 & T028 | 11.6 | 0.20 | 461 | 912 | 5416 | - | −3.10 | ||||||
DALLOL 2 | Reference point defined such that average deformation far away from crater is zero | T321 &T300 | 79,188 | Sphere | 5 | T321 & T300 | 10.4 | 0.12 | −96 | −92 | 1234 | 556 | −0.56 |
T321 & T028 | 13.6 | 0.15 | −143 | −124 | 1277 | 60 | −0.59 | ||||||
Spheroid | 8 | T321 & T300 | 10.3 | 0.10 | −112 | −127 | 1274 | 287 | −0.63 | ||||
T321 & T028 (4) | 13.4 | 0.63 | −53 | 561 | 21,083 | 1103 | −117 | ||||||
T321 &T028 | 75,864 | Penny-shaped crack | 5 | T321 & T300 | 10.3 | 0.13 | −168 | −108 | 1470 | 1560 | −0.62 | ||
T321 & T028 | 13.9 | 0.17 | −183 | −168 | 1241 | 1628 | −0.53 | ||||||
Dike (3) | 8 | T321 & T300 | 11.8 | 0.20 | 63 | −278 | 551 | - | −0.48 | ||||
T321 & T028 (4) | 11.0 | 0.26 | 1526 | 815 | 7023 | - | −2.68 | ||||||
DALLOL 3 | Masked (only data that show subsidence) | T321 &T300 | 6127 | Sphere | 5 | T321 & T300 | 5.1 | 0.09 | −32 | −71 | 915 | 449 | −0.30 |
T321 & T028 | 4.2 | 0.07 | −79 | −135 | 1046 | 463 | −0.32 | ||||||
Spheroid | 8 | T321 & T300 | 5.0 | 0.10 | −83 | −77 | 798 | 582 | −0.31 | ||||
T321 & T028 | 4.2 | 0.08 | −82 | −142 | 1037 | 159 | −0.39 | ||||||
T321 &T028 | 17,075 | Penny-shaped crack | 5 | T321 & T300 | 4.8 | 0.12 | −166 | −196 | 566 | 1430 | −0.26 | ||
T321 & T028 | 3.8 | 0.12 | −216 | −223 | 516 | 1557 | −0.26 | ||||||
Dike (3) | 8 | T321 & T300 | 3.9 | 0.06 | 605 | 305 | 707 | - | −0.29 | ||||
T321 & T028 | 3.6 | 0.09 | 764 | 196 | 724 | - | −0.28 |
Source | X2v (1) | RMSE (1) | ΔX0 (2) | ±σ | ΔY0 (2) | ±σ | Depth | ±σ | Radius | ±σ | ΔV | ±σ | A | ±σ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variogram | m | m | m b.s.l. | m | 106 m3/Year | |||||||||
Sphere | 9.0 | 0.11 | −110 | 24 | −106 | 17 | 1232 | 63 | 380 | 230 | −0.55 | 0.07 | ||
Spheroid | 9.0 | 0.10 | −110 | 8 | −128 | 5 | 1255 | 69 | 280 | 39 | −0.61 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.15 |
Penny-shaped crack | 8.9 | 0.13 | −175 | 10 | −132 | 33 | 1357 | 199 | 1582 | 34 | −0.58 | 0.08 | ||
Dike (3) | 10.0 | 0.17 | 215 | 281 | −164 | 210 | 589 | 71 | - | - | −0.44 | 0.08 |
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Battaglia, M.; Pagli, C.; Meuti, S. The 2008–2010 Subsidence of Dallol Volcano on the Spreading Erta Ale Ridge: InSAR Observations and Source Models. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101991
Battaglia M, Pagli C, Meuti S. The 2008–2010 Subsidence of Dallol Volcano on the Spreading Erta Ale Ridge: InSAR Observations and Source Models. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(10):1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101991
Chicago/Turabian StyleBattaglia, Maurizio, Carolina Pagli, and Stefano Meuti. 2021. "The 2008–2010 Subsidence of Dallol Volcano on the Spreading Erta Ale Ridge: InSAR Observations and Source Models" Remote Sensing 13, no. 10: 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101991