A Gaussian Mixture Model to Separate Birds and Insects in Single-Polarization Weather Radar Data
Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
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Academic Editor: Mário Gabriel Santiago dos Santos
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(10), 1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101989
Received: 10 March 2021
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Revised: 15 May 2021
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Accepted: 17 May 2021
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Published: 19 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Bird Movements by Remote Sensing)
Recent and archived data from weather radar networks are extensively used for the quantification of continent-wide bird migration patterns. While the process of discriminating birds from weather signals is well established, insect contamination is still a problem. We present a simple method combining two Doppler radar products within a Gaussian mixture model to estimate the proportions of birds and insects within a single measurement volume, as well as the density and speed of birds and insects. This method can be applied to any existing archives of vertical bird profiles, such as the European Network for the Radar surveillance of Animal Movement repository, with no need to recalculate the huge amount of original polar volume data, which often are not available.
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Keywords:
migration ecology; classification; ornithology; Gaussian mixture model; vertical profile; ecological modelling; aeroecology
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Externally hosted supplementary file 1
Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3610184
Link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3610184
MDPI and ACS Style
Nussbaumer, R.; Schmid, B.; Bauer, S.; Liechti, F. A Gaussian Mixture Model to Separate Birds and Insects in Single-Polarization Weather Radar Data. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101989
AMA Style
Nussbaumer R, Schmid B, Bauer S, Liechti F. A Gaussian Mixture Model to Separate Birds and Insects in Single-Polarization Weather Radar Data. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(10):1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101989
Chicago/Turabian StyleNussbaumer, Raphaël, Baptiste Schmid, Silke Bauer, and Felix Liechti. 2021. "A Gaussian Mixture Model to Separate Birds and Insects in Single-Polarization Weather Radar Data" Remote Sensing 13, no. 10: 1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101989
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