Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Network Model
4. Proposed Power Consumption Modes
- Active Mode: In active mode, the BS is in fully operational mode and consumes maximum power.
- Stand-by Mode: In stand-by mode, the BS is in low power consumption non-operational mode, where it consumes a small amount of power but requires negligible wake-up time to go back to the active mode. Researchers from Ericsson company have reported that a BS consumes approximately 10 W power in stand-by mode and takes approximately 30 s to go into the active mode [5].
- Sleep Mode: In sleep mode, the BS is totally switched off so that it consumes almost zero power, however takes longer time to wake up. The authors in [6] have reported that small cells can take tens of seconds to couple of minutes to wake up from sleep mode, where a macro BS takes 10–15 min of wake up time from sleep mode. Please note that there is some non-zero ultra–low power consumption during sleep mode, however this ultra–low power consumption is assumed to be negligible compared to the power consumed in active mode in this work. Hence sleep mode is treated as zero power consumption mode in this work.
4.1. Motivation of Using Three Different Modes
4.2. Power Consumption Model
5. Three State Markov Model for a Base Station
6. Proposed MDP-Based Algorithm
Algorithm 1 Value Iteration Algorithm |
|
7. Simulation Results and Performance Analysis
- All BS Active: where all of the BSs of the network are always active.
- Rangisetti 2 State (active-standby) Model: The BSs are capable of switching between active mode and stand-by mode [5].
- MDP-based 2 State (active-sleep) Model: The BSs are capable of switching between active mode and sleep mode [2].
- Proposed MDP-based 3 State Model: The BSs are capable of switching among active mode, stand-by mode and sleep mode.
Effect of the Parameter Variation
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BS | Base station |
HetNet | Heterogeneous network |
MDP | Maarkov decision process |
QoS | Quality of Service |
SNR | Signal to Noise ratio |
VIA | Value iteration algorithm |
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Acronyms | Description |
---|---|
BS | Base Station |
MDP | Markov decision model |
QOS | Quality of service |
Total bandwidth offered by BS | |
Number of active BS | |
Number of stand-by BS | |
Number of BS in sleep mode | |
N | Total number of BSs in the network |
Transmit power | |
Power consumption in active mode | |
Power consumption in stand-by mode | |
Power consumption in sleep mode |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Carrier frequency, | 1800 MHz |
Path Loss Exponent, | 2.5 |
BS Transmit Power | 40 W |
Shadowing Mean | 0 |
Variance, | 7 |
Total BSs, N | 3 |
Antenna Gain | 10 dB and 2 dB |
User arrival rate, | 0.01 |
User death rate, | 0.005 |
40 W | |
Minimum data rate | 300 kbps |
10 W | |
0 W | |
6 MHz | |
6 MHz | |
2 MHz | |
BW per BS | 2 MHz |
2 s | |
1 km | |
c | ms |
BS Become Active | Required Time |
---|---|
From active mode | 0 s (delay group-1) |
From stand-by mode | 30 s (delay group-2) |
From sleep mode | 40 s (delay group-3) |
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Islam, N.; Alazab, A.; Agbinya, J. Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019
Islam N, Alazab A, Agbinya J. Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(9):1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Nahina, Ammar Alazab, and Johnson Agbinya. 2019. "Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network" Remote Sensing 11, no. 9: 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019
APA StyleIslam, N., Alazab, A., & Agbinya, J. (2019). Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network. Remote Sensing, 11(9), 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019