Hazard Implications of the 2016 Mw 5.0 Cushing, OK Earthquake from a Joint Analysis of Damage and InSAR Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. Synthetic Aperture Radar Data
2.2. Damage Data
3. Methods
3.1. InSAR Processing
3.2. Macroseismic Field
4. Results
4.1. Surface Displacement Time Series
4.2. Source Characterization
4.3. Damage Assessment
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Acquisition | Date |
---|---|
1 | 2015-06-05 |
2 | 2015-07-11 |
3 | 2015-07-23 |
4 | 2015-08-16 |
5 | 2015-08-28 |
6 | 2015-09-09 |
7 | 2015-09-21 |
8 | 2015-10-03 |
9 | 2015-10-27 |
10 | 2015-12-26 |
11 | 2016-01-31 |
12 | 2016-02-24 |
13 | 2016-04-12 |
14 | 2016-04-24 |
15 | 2016-05-06 |
16 | 2016-05-18 |
17 | 2016-05-30 |
18 | 2016-06-11 |
19 | 2016-07-05 |
20 | 2016-07-17 |
21 | 2016-07-29 |
22 | 2016-08-10 |
23 | 2016-08-22 |
24 | 2016-09-03 |
25 | 2016-09-15 |
26 | 2016-09-27 |
27 | 2016-10-09 |
28 | 2016-10-21 |
29 | 2016-11-02 |
30 | 2016-11-14 |
31 | 2016-11-26 |
32 | 2016-12-08 |
Master | Slave | Bperp (m) | T (days) |
---|---|---|---|
2015/06/05 | 2015/07/11 | −47.47 | 36 |
2015/07/11 | 2015/07/23 | 100.38 | 12 |
2015/07/23 | 2015/08/16 | −106.09 | 24 |
2015/08/16 | 2015/08/28 | 18.12 | 12 |
2015/08/28 | 2015/09/09 | 61.81 | 12 |
2015/09/09 | 2015/09/21 | 22.26 | 12 |
2015/09/21 | 2015/10/03 | −20.05 | 12 |
2015/10/03 | 2015/10/27 | −147.51 | 24 |
2015/10/27 | 2015/12/26 | 20.8 | 60 |
2015/12/26 | 2016/01/31 | 40.21 | 36 |
2016/01/31 | 2016/02/24 | 23.77 | 24 |
2016/02/24 | 2016/04/12 | 105.46 | 48 |
2016/04/12 | 2016/04/24 | −96.85 | 12 |
2016/04/24 | 2016/05/06 | 15.59 | 12 |
2016/05/06 | 2016/05/18 | −29.9 | 12 |
2016/05/18 | 2016/05/30 | 62.4 | 12 |
2016/05/30 | 2016/06/11 | 3.96 | 12 |
2016/06/11 | 2016/07/05 | −50.06 | 24 |
2016/07/05 | 2016/07/17 | −9.65 | 12 |
2016/07/17 | 2016/07/29 | 7.68 | 12 |
2016/07/29 | 2016/08/10 | 20.55 | 12 |
2016/08/10 | 2016/08/22 | 19.58 | 12 |
2016/08/22 | 2016/09/03 | −145.24 | 12 |
2016/09/03 | 2016/09/15 | 70.25 | 12 |
2016/09/15 | 2016/09/27 | 64.58 | 12 |
2016/09/27 | 2016/10/09 | 27.68 | 12 |
2016/10/09 | 2016/10/21 | −45.57 | 12 |
2016/10/21 | 2016/11/02 | −55.09 | 12 |
MMI Intensity | People’s Reaction | Built Environment |
---|---|---|
I | Not felt. | |
II | Felt by a few. | |
III | Felt by several; vibration like passing of truck. | |
IV | Felt by many; sensation like heavy body striking building. | Walls creak; windows rattle. |
V | Felt by nearly all, frightens a few. | A few instances of cracked plaster and cracked windows within the community. |
VI | Frightens many; people move unsteadily. | A few instances of fallen plaster, broken windows, and damaged chimneys within the community. |
VII | Frightens most; some lose balance. | Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction, but considerable in some poorly built or badly designed structures; weak chimneys broken at roof line, fall of unbraced parapets. |
VIII | Many find it difficult to stand. | Damage slight in buildings designed to be earthquake resistant, but severe in some poorly built structures. Widespread fall of chimneys and monuments. |
IX | Some forcibly thrown to the ground. | Damage considerable in some buildings designed to be earthquake resistant; buildings shift off foundation if not bolted to them. |
X | Most ordinary masonry structures collapse; damage moderate to severe in many buildings designed to be earthquake resistant. |
API | Latitude | Longitude | Type | Injection Formation | Injection Depth (m) | Injection Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3511901692 | 36.0142 | −96.8514 | 2D | SKINNER | 1006–1020 | |
3511901740 | 36.0106 | −96.8470 | 2D | LAYTON | 602–606 | |
3511902088 | 36.0161 | −96.8202 | 2D | LAYTON | 634–640 | |
3511903621 | 35.9919 | −96.8366 | 2D | OSAGE LAYTON | 637–640 | |
3511921036 | 36.0160 | −96.7688 | 2D | MISSISSIPPIAN | 1118–1178 | |
3511923280 | 35.9938 | −96.7593 | 2D | TONKAWA | 480–488 | |
3511923625 | 36.0233 | −96.8308 | 2R | OSAGE LAYTON | 572–574 | |
3511923630 | 35.9549 | −96.8241 | 2D | PRUE | 1047–1053 | |
3511923843* | 35.9994 | −96.8474 | 2D | ARBUCKLE | 1343–1460 | Oct. 2010–May 2016 |
WILCOX | 1254–1286 | May 2016–present | ||||
3511923911 | 35.9699 | −96.8670 | 2D | ARBUCKLE | 427–492 | June 2012–Dec. 2016 |
WILCOX | 1253–1294 | Dec. 2016–present | ||||
MISSISSIPPIAN | 1174–1218 | Dec. 2016–present | ||||
3511923926 | 35.9702 | −96.8385 | 2D | ARBUCKLE | 1385–1615 | May 2012–present |
3511923946 | 36.0007 | −96.8336 | 2D | ARBUCKLE | 1371−1646 | July 2012–present |
3511924256 | 36.0170 | −96.8008 | 2D | ARBUCKLE | 1315–1524 | Nov. 2014–Nov. 2015 |
1ST WILCOX | 1195–1230 | Nov. 2015–present | ||||
3511924308 | 36.0307 | −96.8201 | 2D | ARBUCKLE | 1308–1607 | Feb. 2015–Nov. 2016 |
WILCOX | 1202–1221 | Nov. 2016–present | ||||
3511930023 | 35.9888 | −96.7643 | 2D | LAYTON | 542–543 |
API | Latitude | Longitude | Type | Injection Formation | Injection Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3511902088 | 36.0161 | −96.8202 | 2D | LAYTON | 634–640 |
3511902347 | 36.0105 | −96.7353 | 2D | OSAGE LAYTON | 518–523 |
LAYTON | 644-649 | ||||
3511904284 | 36.0301 | −96.7438 | 2R | RED FORK | 1002–1007 |
3511921036 | 36.0160 | −96.7688 | 2D | MISSISSIPPIAN | 1118–1178 |
3511923280 | 35.9938 | −96.7593 | 2D | TONKAWA | 480–488 |
3511923630 | 35.9549 | −96.8241 | 2D | PRUE | 1047–1053 |
3511924256 | 36.0170 | −96.8008 | 2D | 1ST WILCOX | 1195–1230 |
3511930023 | 35.9888 | −96.7643 | 2D | LAYTON | 542–543 |
3511930394 | 36.0174 | −96.7461 | 2D | PRUE SAND | 901–925 |
Pair | Master | Slave | Bperp (m) | T (days) | Preseismic Days | Postseismic Days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2016/10/09 | 2016/11/14 | −115.04 | 36 | 29 | 7 |
2 | 2016/10/21 | 2016/11/14 | −70.49 | 24 | 17 | 7 |
3 | 2016/10/21 | 2016/11/26 | −36.86 | 36 | 17 | 19 |
4 | 2016/11/02 | 2016/11/14 | −16.05 | 12 | 5 | 7 |
5 | 2016/11/02 | 2016/11/26 | 18.35 | 24 | 5 | 19 |
6 | 2016/11/02 | 2016/12/08 | 87.42 | 36 | 5 | 31 |
Parameters | USGS | Best Fit |
---|---|---|
depth (km) | 4.4 | 3.2 |
strike (°) | 59 | 61 |
dip (°) | 78 | 80 |
rake (°) | 171 | 172 |
north shift (m) | 0 | −1.7 |
east shift (m) | 0 | 1.3 |
magnitude | 5.0 | 5.06 |
ID | Site Name | Damage Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Cimarron Tower | Stone facade damage—pieces were being removed during reconnaissance. One large piece of stone fell from the 8th story to the 4th floor roof during removal. Residents were displaced after earthquake. Water line reportedly broke and was not shut off for 24 h—leading to water damage from the 4th floor down. |
2 | Cushing Pre-K Public School | Cracking near the main entrance on the east wall on south side of door openings. Displaced canopy near door, including vertical offset from installed position of south post and lateral displacement of canopy beam relative to north post. |
3 | Water Main Break—N Rt. 18 | Water main break observed north of Main Street along Route 18. Approximately 35–50ft of existing nonductile iron pipe was removed and replaced with PVC pipe. Heavy corrosion build-up was observed inside the existing pipe, and loss of section resulting in holes in the pipe thickness had occurred. The fracture apparently occurred at a coupling between two sections of pipe. |
4 | 123 W. Broadway St. | Vertical crack between two structures—large lateral drift |
5 | 528 S. Cleveland Ave. | Corner of front porch has brick separation, drop in elevation, post leaning. The interior has many gypsum board cracks around openings that look fresh. Detached garage has mortar cracks and stone separation. The stone facade near garage door has separated. |
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Barba-Sevilla, M.; Baird, B.W.; Liel, A.B.; Tiampo, K.F. Hazard Implications of the 2016 Mw 5.0 Cushing, OK Earthquake from a Joint Analysis of Damage and InSAR Data. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111715
Barba-Sevilla M, Baird BW, Liel AB, Tiampo KF. Hazard Implications of the 2016 Mw 5.0 Cushing, OK Earthquake from a Joint Analysis of Damage and InSAR Data. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(11):1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111715
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarba-Sevilla, Magali, Bridger W. Baird, Abbie B. Liel, and Kristy F. Tiampo. 2018. "Hazard Implications of the 2016 Mw 5.0 Cushing, OK Earthquake from a Joint Analysis of Damage and InSAR Data" Remote Sensing 10, no. 11: 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111715