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Sustainability
Volume 18
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10.3390/su18052255
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Article

Source-Dependent Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in Multi-Size Urban Road Dust: Health Risks and Carbon Emission Reduction Implications

by
Shuo Chen
1,
Lei Han
2,
Huan Liang
1,
Guanyu Wang
1,
Yingxue Sun
1,
Enfeng Liu
1,* and
Jie Li
1,*
1
College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
2
Shandong Provincial Geo-mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan 250014, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052255
Submission received: 3 February 2026 / Revised: 14 February 2026 / Accepted: 24 February 2026 / Published: 26 February 2026
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Abstract

Urban road dust is an important way for people to contact potentially toxic elements (PTEs). However, the correlation between the bioaccessibility of PTEs in road dust and the contribution rate of pollution sources has not yet reached a consensus. Road dust was divided into three particle sizes (<63, 63–125, and 125–250 μm). Then, the Mantel test was used to analyze the correlation between the contributions of the four pollution sources (composite sources, traffic sources, industrial sources, and fuel combustion) and the bioaccessibility of PTEs. Finally, by incorporating bioaccessibility into the health risk assessment system, Ni was identified as the priority lifetime carcinogenic risk element and fossil fuel combustion as the priority pollution source. The remediation target obtained by the probabilistic risk assessment of bioaccessibility guidance is 3.91 times the target value based on the total content and reduces carbon emissions by 22.6%. Overall, this study not only enhances the precision of identifying pollution sources and pollutants in complex urban environments by integrating PMF with the bioaccessibility of PTEs but also highlights the potential value of bioaccessibility in urban environmental management for carbon emission reduction. This facilitates the implementation of precise risk assessments and low-carbon sustainable development.
Keywords: health risk; potentially toxic elements; bioaccessibility; pollution source; carbon reduction health risk; potentially toxic elements; bioaccessibility; pollution source; carbon reduction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, S.; Han, L.; Liang, H.; Wang, G.; Sun, Y.; Liu, E.; Li, J. Source-Dependent Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in Multi-Size Urban Road Dust: Health Risks and Carbon Emission Reduction Implications. Sustainability 2026, 18, 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052255

AMA Style

Chen S, Han L, Liang H, Wang G, Sun Y, Liu E, Li J. Source-Dependent Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in Multi-Size Urban Road Dust: Health Risks and Carbon Emission Reduction Implications. Sustainability. 2026; 18(5):2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052255

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Shuo, Lei Han, Huan Liang, Guanyu Wang, Yingxue Sun, Enfeng Liu, and Jie Li. 2026. "Source-Dependent Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in Multi-Size Urban Road Dust: Health Risks and Carbon Emission Reduction Implications" Sustainability 18, no. 5: 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052255

APA Style

Chen, S., Han, L., Liang, H., Wang, G., Sun, Y., Liu, E., & Li, J. (2026). Source-Dependent Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in Multi-Size Urban Road Dust: Health Risks and Carbon Emission Reduction Implications. Sustainability, 18(5), 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052255

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